UNITED STATES OF AMErFcA. 



History of the United States. 



3?^?'/^' 



Geammae-School Histoet 



UNITED STATES; 

FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE 
PRESENT TIME. 



J. S. BLACKBURN, 

riincipal of " Alexandria High Soliool," Virginia. 

AND 

w. K Mcdonald, a. m., 

Principal of "Male High School," of Louisville, Kenlucity. 




BALTIMORE: 
W. J. C. DULANY & CO., 332 W. BALTIMORE STREET. 

1871. "" 



Entered (iccordliis to Act of Conprrrss, In tho rear 1S7'., by 

.J. S. IlLACKl'.UKN AM) \V. N. AlcDONAI.l), 
In the UlUco of lliu Ltbrariau of Congress, at Wasliiiij^toD. 









y 



^-.^- 



PREFACE. 



At the request of mary educators "who have been using the 
" New School History of the United States," and who think it 
desirable that a History suitable for younL,er pupils should be 
offered in connection with the above-mentioned History, the 
authors have prepared the following " Grammar-School History 
of the United States." This is ihejirst and only one that has been 
prepared by Southern writers. 

As in their former History, it has been the endeavor of the 
authors, in the present one, to present to teachers a School His- 
tory of the United States free from sectional views and partisan 
statements, and yet giving the history of the Southern Colonies 
and the Southern States a greater prominence than has been 
accorded by the authors of Northern Histories. It has been par- 
ticularly their aim to relieve their section from the false statements 
and misrepresentations that fill the Northern Histories. They 
have, however, studiously avoided thrusting into the narrative any 
peisonal opinions. They have limited themselves to narrating the 
actual FACTS in connection with the history of our country, feel- 
ing confident that the mere statement of them will do full justice 
to the South. 

The events of the History have been narrated continuously, 

rather than in chronological order: deeming this the best plan to 

secure the attention of the young student. 
1* 



VI p HE fa.uk. 

Fic(iiunl Mat-Qukstions are given in order to enalile the pupil 
to trace the movements of armies during the wars in wbicli tlic 
United States has been engaged. 

The Review Questions appended to eacli Part will be found 
exhaustive of the text, and are topical in their churactcr, thus 
compelling the pupil to recall the leading events of thell istory 
and to group them methodically. 

At the close of the book will be found the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence ; the Constitution of the United Slates, with questions 
thereon ; a Chronological Record of Events; a Pronouncing 
Vocabulary ; and numerous Tables containing matter of interest 
in connection with the history of the country. 

A^ril 11, 1871. 



contents: 



INTRODUCTION. 

PAGK 

The Indians xi 

fj^:rt I. 

FRO:\r THE DISCOVERT OF A^IKRICA TO THE AMERICAN REV- 
OLUTION. 

Chapter I.— Discovert and Early Coloi^ization of Ahiep.ica. 

SECTION. 

1. Columbus 1 

2. Discovery of America aud Early Explorations 4 

3. French and Spanish Discoveries 7 

4. Ferdinand de Soto, and Sir Walter Ealeigh 10 

Chapter II.— Virginia. 

1. Settlement at Jamestown 14 

3. History of the Settlement (continued) IS 

3. History of the Settlement (continued) 21 

4. History of the Settlement (continued) 21 

5. History of the Settlement (continued) 28 

Chapter III —New England. 

1. Settlement of the Puritans 32 

2, Settlement of Rhode Island aud other Eastern States 35 

Chapter IV.— Maryland and New York. 

1. Colonization of Maryland 3S 

2. Colonization 6f New York 41 

3. Colonization of New York (continued) 44 

Chapter V.— Pennsylvania and Delaware , 46 

Chapter VI.— The Carolinas and Geop.gia. 

1. Colonization of North Carolina 48 

2. Colonization of South Carolina 51 

3. Colonization of Georgia 54 

Chapter VII.— New England 57 



YlU VO.STKMS. 

PAOK 

Chapter VIII.— The Mississippi and Ohio Valleys. 

1. Settlement of Lou.siaim 01 

8. The Prelniic to the French War W 

Chapteb IX.— Tue Fhencii and Indian War. 

1. Brnddock'e Cnnipnign Cd 

2. Events of 1758 and 1759 (ill 

3. Indian Wars „ 72 

I>-A.E/T II. 

FltOM THE AMERICAN UEVOLUTION TO THE ESTAnUSlIMENT OF 
THE UNITED STATES. 

Chapter I.— Cause and Commencement op the Revolution. 

SECTION. 

1. Resistance to Taxation .^ 77 

2. First Battles of the War 80 

Chapter II.— Revolution (continued). 

1. Invasion of Canada. Evacuation of Boston. Attack on Fort 

Moultrie SI 

2. Capture of New York. Battles in New Jersey. Capture of 

Philadelphia 88 

Chapter III.— Revolutios (continued). 

1. Biirgoync'8 Invasion Di 

2. Alliance with Franco. Battle of Monmouth. Expedition of 

Massachusetts !»(! 

Chapter IV.— Revolution (co.vTfNUtD). 

1. War in the South. Arnold's Treason 100 

2. Surrender of Cornwallis. Peace declared. Exploits of John Paul 

Jones lOCi 

3. Convention of 1787. Provieions of the Cout^titution Ill 

F-A-ItT III. 

FUOM THE ESTABLISTI.MENT OF THE UNITED STATES TO THK 
GKEAT SECTIONAL WAU. 

Chapter I.— Administrations of Washington. Adams, and Jefkkuson. 

SKCTION. 

1780-1800 iir> 

1. Washington's Administration. Early history of Kentucky and 

Teiincssco ll.") 

3. AdmiuistratiouB of Adams and Jofl'orsou. War with Tripoli 131 



CONTENTS. IX 



PAGE 

Chapteb II.— Madison's ADMiNiexRATiorr, and the V/ak with Geeat 

Britain 123 

1. Causes of the war. Campaign of 1813 123 

2. Campaign of lbl3. llarrisou's operations 126 

Chapter III.— Madison's Administration, and the war with Great 

Britain continued 130 

1. Campaign of 1813 ou New York frontier. Cockbiiru's deiircdatious 130 

2. Creek war. Campaign of 1811 on New York frontier. Captarc of 

Washington. Bombardment of Fort Mclienry 133 

Chapter IV.— Madison's Adsiinistdation, and the War with Great 

Britain continued 138 

1. Conduct of New Euglauders. Battle of New Orleans 138 

2. Naval battles of war of 1819. Mississippi 140 

Chapter V.— From Monroe to Polk, 1817- '.845 141 

Chapter VI. — Administration of James K. Polk, and the Mexican 

War 149 

1. Taylor's CampfvigQ. CoDquest of California 149 

2. Scott's Campaign. Treaty of Peace with Mexico 154 

Chapter VII.— A-djiinistrations of Taylor, Fillmore, Pierck, and 

Buchanan , 158 



HISTORY OF THE GllEAT SECTIONAL WAR AND THE i'EMtS 
ENSUING. 

Chapter I.— Sectional War 104 

section. 

1. Signs of War. Formation of Confederate States. Fall of Fort 

Sumter. Secession of Border States 1(;4 

2. War in Virginia. War iu Missouri 1G7 

3. Naval Expcdiaous War in West Virginia War in Kentucky 171 

4. War in Kentucky. Baltleof Shiloh. Fall of New Orleans. Capture 

of Roanoke Island. Naval battle near Norfolk 174 

5. McClellan's Campaign against Eichmond. Stonewall Jackson'.s 

Valley Campaign. Invasion of Maryland 177 

6. Invasion of Kentucky. Battles of Fredericksburg and Murfreesboro. 

Emancipa:iou Proclamation ISl 

7 Battle of Chaucellorsville. Invasion of Pennsylvania 183 

8. Fall of Vicksbnrg and Port Hudson. Cavalry Kaids. Siege of 

Charleston. Battles of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge. 

Coiiditiou of North and South Igg 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Chapter II.— Campakjnb or 18G4 and 18G5 189 

BECTION. 

1. Banks' Red Uivcr Expedltiou. Grant's ndvftnce to Pctercburg 189 

2. Sigerp, and Iluiifers advance. Early's Valley campaign. The 

Ahthama eunk 193 

8. Capture of Atlanta, llood'8 advance to Nashville. Sherman's ad- 
vance to Kaleigh. Capture of Richmond. Surrender at Appo- 
mattox 19t) 

Chapter III.— Jounson'b Administbatioh 201 

Declaration of Indipendenco 200 

Constitution of United States 210 

Chronological Record 22S 

Table I. Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States 235 

II. Settlement, admission, population, &c., of the States and Ter- 
ritories 230 

III. Showing progress of the United States 238 

rV. Showing value of Federal and Confederate paper money during 

the Great Sectional War 238 

Pronouncing Vocabulary 240 



HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



INTRODUCTION. i 

AaiERiCAN Aborigines. 

1. America, when discovered by the white man, was 
peopled with a new and strange race. Their origin is 
unknown. They had no knowledge of the art of writ- 
ing, and their traditions are vague and contradictory. 
They were called Indians because the first discovered 
land (San Salvador) was thought to be one of the East 
Indies. It is probable that they came from Asia. The 
Mexicans lived in cities and had many of the arts of 
civilized life : but the Indian tribes found in the present 
limits of the United States were barbarous. Of these 
only we shall now speak. 

Indian Races. 

3. The principal stocks were: I. The Algonquins; 
II. the Iroquois ; III. the Appalachians ; IV. the Che- 
rokees; V. the Dacotahs; VI. the Chicoras. The 
Algonquins included those tribes found in the country 
extending from the Ohio and Mississippi eastward to 



1. Why were the ahorigines of this couutry called Indians ? Whence did 
they come ? Why do we know nothing of their past ? Were the Mexicans 
barbarous ? 

2. What are the principal stocks? What country did the Algouquina 
occupy? What, the Iroquois ? What, the Appalachians ? What, the Cnero 
kees ? The Dacotahs ? The Tuscaroras ? 



Xii TUJii JJ/DJAMd. 



the Atlantic, nortlnvard beyond the lakes, and Bouth- 
ward along the seaboard to Cape Fear river. The 
Iroquois occupied the western parts of New York and 
Pennsylvania, and were surrounded by the Algonquins; 
the Appalachians, the country bounded by the rivers 
Savannah, Sabine and Ohio ; the Cherokees, the rich 
valleys of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers; the 
Dacotahs, the valleys of the Arkansas and Missouri; 
the Tuscaroras, the Caroliuas. 

Mode of Life, Religion, and GoverNiMent. 
3. The Indians lived scattered in villages of wig- 
wams. For a subsistence they hunted and fished, some- 
times cultivating patches of corn. The squaws did all 
the work. The business of the men was to hunt and 
fight. To this end, the education of the youth was 
directed. They believed in one supremo God; but from 
fear often worshipped inferior deities. Heaven to them 
was a happy hunting ground, the home of the brave. 
At death, a warrior's weapons and most prized goods 
were buried with him. There was no one in authority 
except the CJiief and Medicine Man. The power of the 
Chief depended upon his valor and eloquence ; that of 
the Medicine Man upon his skill in juggling and the art 
of healing. 



3. llnw did the Indians snbpisl? Wlifit was tlic occnpation of the Dif-n ! 
Who (lid nil tho worlt? Wlmi wwh the nlisjion of the Indians? Who wtrt 
the ouly pcruoub iu authority umou^' them Tt 



HiSTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



PART I. 

FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

CHAPTER I. 

DISCOVERY AND EAELY COLONIZATION OF AMEEICA. 



SECTION I. 

Who Discovered America? 

1, One may learn from history a great deal about 
the different races of people, which, from time imme- 
morial, have dwelt in the countries of the eastern hemi- 
sphere : but concerning those which have occupied 
America, history goes no further back than the year 
1492. It is true that an Icelandic historian claims for 
his own countrymen the credit of having discovered 
and colonized America about 1004; and it is certain 
that Greenland was settled by this people about this 
time; but there is no proof that any European ever 
knew of the existence of America before its discovery 
by Columbus. 

1. What may one learn from history concerning the inhahitants of the 
Eastern Hemisphere? What concerning those of America? What is 
claimed by an Icelandic historiau ? When and by whom was Greenland 
settled ? cy 



2 bistort of the united states. [1193. 

Early Lii'E op Columbus. 

2, CiiRiSToriiER Columbus, the discoverer of the 
New World, was born in Genoa, 1435. He was a stu- 
dious boy ; but his father was too poor to let bim de- 
vote much time to his books. Ho nevertheless got a 
fair knowledge of astronomy, mathematics, and geo- 
graphy. At the age of fourteen be went to sea, and 
soon became a great traveller. Ho visited Madeira and 
the Canaries. He also wont to Iceland, and explored 
the waters just beyond it. 

Hb Conceives the Idea op a " "Western World." 

3, The great object of mercantile onteq>ri8e at this 
time was to find a new and near way to India ; for this 
land of luxuries enriched all who shared its commerce. 
Columbus caught the desire of his age, and bent all the 
energies of his genius to gi*atify it. The prevailing 
notion then was, that India would bo most easily 
reached by going around Africa. Columbus thought 
that a westward route would bo nearer. But who 
would dare attempt it? He thought there must bo 
land in the western hemisphere j and fron^ what he had 
noticed in his voyages to jwints on the western con- 
fines of the known world, he was led to think that this 
land was peopled. After much reflection he resolved 
to go in search of it. But how could ho? Men and 
money were necessary, and he had neither. 



2. Whon and whoro wns Columbus born ? Oivo an arcoiint of his early 
life. When did he go to acii ':• \Vh;il ntri\ni,'e countrii-s did he visit!' 

.1. What WH9 the frreat object of mercantile enterprise nt this time? 
Why? Whiit did Colr.nibusi think abont the noarortl roun? to Indift ? Did ho 
thiiik there wiiB land iu the Western llemi»nliuroT Why? What did ho 
rt'iiolve lo do 'r 



1493.] voyage of columbus. 3 

His Efforts to Obtain Aid. 

4r. He first asked aid of his home government in 
Genoa, and was refused. He next applied to John II. 
of Portugal, and was again refused. He now sent Bar- 
tholomew, his brother, to get assistance from Henry 
VII. of England. But Bartholomew was captured by 
pirates. Eight years longer he tried before succeed- 
ing. At last, Isabella, Queen of Spain, was persuaded 
by his eloquence to furnish him with three vessels and 
ninety men : though, to do this, she had to part with 
some of her jewels. The fleet, consisting of the Santa 
Maria, the Pinta, and the Nina, was supplied with a 
year's provisions, and, in addition to the crew, carried 
about thirty adventurers. 

The Yoyage of Discovery. 

5. Solemnizing their departure with religious ser- 
vices, Columbus and his companions left Palos, August 
3d, 1492. Stopping at the Canaries for nearly three 
weeks, from that point they sailed westward, leaving 
the known world behind. Columbus was now nearly 
sixty years of age. For this moment he had waited 
long and patiently. His hopes were soon to be real- 
ized, or else dashed to earth forever. Confident in his 
judgment, he did not doubt as to the result. His com- 
panions were pei'haps not so calm ; and, as the land 
faded from their view, no doubt they watched with 
trembling hearts the western face of the deep. For 



4. To whom did he first apply for aid, and with what sncceps? To 
whom next *? Who finally gave him assistance ? With what did she I'uruish 
him ? 'J'o do this, with what did she have to part ? 

5. When did Colnmbus leave Palos? Where did he stop? How old 
was Oohimbus at this time? Was he confident of success? Howloni? be- 
fore the sailors threatened to mutiny? How did Columbus quiet them? 



4 HISTORY OF THE U SITED STATES. [1492. 

two weekH they murmured but little ; but when, at the 
end of twenty days, no land appeared, they threatened 
to mutiny if Columbus did not return. Their murmurs 
continuing to increase, he promised them that, if in 
three days land was not seen, he would return. 



SECTION IL 

Land. 

1. On the night of the llth of October, Columbus 
saw a light in the distance ; and it was moving. Now 
hope filled every breast. At three o'clock a gun from 
the Pinta, followed by a shout of joy, announced the 
discovery of land. As day broke, they saw before them 
a beautiful green island. Red men, naked and beard- 
less, with long black hair, stood along the shore, and, 
■with awestruck faces, gazed at the new-comers. The 
ships they took for large sea-birds; while they regarded 
the Spaniards as visitors from the skies. On the morn- 
ing of the 12th of October, Columbus, richly attired 
and with sword in hand, was the first to go ashore. 
As soon as he reached the beach, he knelt and kissed it, 
returning thanks to God. His men, closely following, 
rendered him homage as viceroy, and implored his 
pardon for the trouljlo they had caused him. This first- 
discovered land was one of the Bahama Island.s, and 
was called b}- Columbus St. Salvador. 



1. When was land flrBt pecn ? Under what circumPtanccB f What wae 
the appuarnnce of the natives foiinrt ihcro ? How did tht-y regard the new- 
cuiutTt) ? What laud watt it 1 What did Columbus call it f 



1498.] voyages of columbvs. 6 

Other .Discoveries. 

2. From this point, sailing southward, he discovered 
the islands of Cuba and Hayti. These were supposed 
to he a part of the East Indies, and hence were after- 
wards called the West Indies. On the 1st of January, 
1493, having left thirty-five of his men as a colony at 
Hayti, Columbus set sail for Spain. On the homeward 
passage a violent storm threatened to destroy the fleet. 
Columbus enclosed in a cake of wax a hasty account of 
his discoveries, and, putting it in a cask, threw it over- 
board. The vessels weathered the gale and reached 
Spain in safety. Columbus was gladly received by the 
king and queen of Spain, and was loaded with honors 
by them. In the three other voyages made by Colum- 
bus to the Now World, his attention seems to have been 
confined to the islands lying between North and South 
America. Most of these were discovered by him ; and, 
at Hayti, he erected a fort and established a colony. 
This occurred during his second voyage, made in the 
latter part of 1493. 

Persecution and Death of Columbus. 

3. In 1498, Columbus made his third voyage and dis- 
covered the continent at the mouth of the river Orinoco, 
in South America. From the size of the stream he 
thought he had touched a continent, and that it was 

2. What islauds did he nest discover ? Why are they called the " West 
Indies " ? When did he start on his return ? Give an account of the home- 
ward passage. How was he received by the kiug and queen ? To what 
was his attention particularly directed in his three other voyages ? Where 
and when did he erect a fort and establish a colony ? 

.?. When did Columbus make his third voyage? What did he discover? 
Why did he think he had found a continent!' What troubles now b;'sct 
him? How was he treated by his friends aud cuemica ? When and where 
did he die ? 



6 JIISTORY UF TUK UMTKD STATKH. [1497. 

Asia, llis fourth and last voyage was made in 1502, 
in company with his brother Bartholomew, and his 
son Ferdinand, during which ho examined tlie coast of 
Darien. In the meantime, he had to contend with ill- 
fortuno. His followers, disappointed at not finding in 
the Xcw World a land of gold, accused him to the 
home government of gross mismanagement. Many, 
jealous of his fame, readily listened to these stories. 
During his absence, envy was busy attacking his char- 
acter ; hence the latter part of his life was rendered 
miserable by the neglect of his friends and the perse- 
cution of his foes. He died at Yalladolid, in the sevent}'- 
first year of his ago. (150G.) 

John Cabot and nis son Sebastian. 

4. Columbus, as we have seen, did not come in sight 
of the continent of America until 1498. Fourteen 
months before this, on the 24th of June, 1497, it Avas 
discovered by John Cabot and his son Sebastian, along 
the coast of Labrador. They wei*e Venitians who had 
been sent out by Henry VII. of England " to search 
for countries hitherto unseen by Christian people," and 
were the first to reach the mainland. This is the dis- 
covery that established England's priority of title to 
North America, and helps to explain how the English 
language, laws, and customs, now prevail on this conti- 
nent. Not long after this, Sebastian Cabot embarked 
in the spring-timo with throe hundred men, with the 
intention of exjjloring tiic North Seas. He came to a 
point where, in the month of July, the light of daj' was 



4. When wns tho continent of America flrpt dii»eoverefi T Br whom? 
Why 1h this fnct iiiniort-iiil ? (iive nii iiccDnnt of the vii.v;i,'c of Sch.isiifvn 
Cabot to till' Ndiili Sell!'. Wlijit (lid he report ou Uin ruiuni? What in lUo 
origin of tliu imnie " Anu'iica " t 



1521.] FRENCH JDISVVVMilES. 7 

almost continual. The numerous icebergs made him 
turn his course southward. Coasting along as for as 
Albemai"le Sound, he took possession in the King's 
name. On reaching home, he reported that the nations 
in the north wore clad in skins, and understood the use 
of copper. Two years after the discovery of the conti- 
nent by John Cabot, it was visited by a Florentine 
named Amerigo Vespucci, who, upon his return, pub- 
lished a map of the coast. From this the country was 
called America. 

French Discoveries, 

5. Adventurers from all parts of Europe now flocked 
to the New World. Their main object was gold. The 
monarchs of Europe strove who should get the largest 
part of the territory ; so, enterprise in that direction 
was greatly encouraged. The fisheries of Newfound- 
land had been a source of wealth to the inhabitants of 
northwest France for twenty years before the French 
crown turned its attention to America. lu 1524, Ver- 
azzini, a Florentine, was employed by Francis I. to make 
a voyage of discovery to the new regions. He first 
reached the coast of North Carolina ; from there he 
sailed northward to Nova Scotia, and thence home to 

France. 

SECTION III. 
Discovery of the St. Lawrence. 

1, Jacques Cartier was, however, the mariner whose 
voyages guided the attention of France to the region 

5. With what object did adventnrers now flock to the New World ? Why- 
was enterprise iu that direction eucoura£;ed by the European monarchs? 
Whom did Francis I. send out to the newcouutry ? When and with what 
purpose ? Give an account of his voyajre. 

1. What mariner directed the attention of France to the region of the 
St. Lawrence? Give an account of his second voyase. What induced 
others to attempt a settlement on the St. Lawrence? With what success? 
When and by whom was the first permanent settlement made iu America 
by the French ? 



8 HISTORY OF Tim UNITED STATES. [1G05. 

of the St. Lawrence, In his second voyage, ho reached 
New Foundland, May, 1534. On St. Lawrence day he 
discovered the gulf of that name, and tlio Pume name 
has gradually extended to the river. IIo explored the 
latter as far as the island of Hochelaya. Upon this, at 
the foot of a mountain, was an Indian village. To the 
mountain ho gavo tho name of Mont-real, and this 
name has since been transferred to the island. Here he 
spent a severe winter. At the approach of spring ho 
solemnly erected a cross, and left suspended upon it a 
shield with an inscription declaring tho country to be- 
long to the crown of France. He then returned homo 
without having made any settlement. His account of 
the size and magnificence of tho river induced others, 
from hopes of gain and conquest, to attempt a settle- 
ment. But it was not until tho year 1G05 that the first 
permanent settlement was made by the French in 
America. This was effected by Do Montz, a Huguenot, 
at Port Eoyal, Nova Scotia, two years before James 
Eivcr was discovered. 

Spanish Enterprisk. 

2. As Spain had been the first to listen to Colnmbus, 
so she kept tho load in making discoveries in the New 
World. Tho Spaniards, daring and avaricious, hastened 
to the conquest of a country which their heated imag- 
inations pictured full of untold treasures. Mines of 
gold, valleys of diamonds, rivers with banks of rubies, 
and springs whose waters contained tho elixir of life, 
wero in this enchanted land to be tho prizes of tho 



2. WImt conntry of Europe took the lend in exploring tho New World? 
Why did the Spauuirds lunku haste to couquer It? 



1513.] SPANISH DISCOYEEIES. 9 

brave. Hence, at first, there was a continuous stream 
of adventurers from Spain to the New World. 

Ponce de Leon. 

3. Florida was discovered in 1512 by Ponce De Leon. 
He was an aged and rich Spaniard ; and, believing a 
tale of a fairy region where was a fountain of youth- 
giving waters, he went in search of it. He visited the 
Bahamas and other places with this object. On Easter 
Sunday, which the Spaniards call Pascua Florida, 
March 23d, he discovered an unknown land. From 
the name of the day and the flowery prospect, they 
called it Florida. Going ashore, he searched in vain 
for the mystic fountain, and finally abandoned the at- 
tempt, an older and not a younger man. Nine j^ears 
afterward he returned and was mortally wounded by 
the Indians. 

Discovery op the Pacific Ocean. 

4. The first permanent settlement on the American 
continent was made on the Isthmus of Darien. In 1513, 
Balboa, the governor of this, discovered from a neigh- 
boring mountain the Pacific Ocean. Descending to 
the seashore, he took possession of the country in the 
name of the king of Spain. This was the first proof 
of America being a continent distinct from Asia. 

CORTEZ AND CaBEZA DE YaCA. 

5. The reports of the great wealth of the people 
living in Mexico induced Yelasquez, Governor of Cuba, 

3. When was Florida discovered? By whom? Uuder what eircnm- 
etanccs? What is the origin of its name ? What became of De Leon ? 

4. When and by whom was the Pacific Occao discovered ? Of what was 
this the first proof? 

2* 



10 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1.139. 

to send Fernando Cortez with six buiulrcd men to 
conquer the country. In 1519, the expedition landed, 
and, before the lapse cf two years, Cortez, by means of 
valor and cunning, had completed the conquest. The 
treasure obtained by the conquerors was immense, and 
accounts of it inflamed the ambition and avarice of 
others. In the regions north of the Gulf of Mexico, then 
called by the Spaniards Florida, it was thought there 
were cities as full of gold as those of Mexico. Accord- 
ingly an attempt was made by Narvaez in 152S to find 
them. Ho was lo.st, and of his three luuulred followers 
but four returned. These four, of whom Cabeza do 
Vaca was chief, wandered through Alabama and Ten- 
nessee, crossed the Mississippi, traced the course of the 
Arkansas, and continued westward until the Pacific 
Ocean was reached in May, 153 >. From this point they 
joined the Spaniards in Mexico, and gave a glowing 
account of the countries they had seen. 



SECTION IV. 
Ferdinand de Soto. 

1. No one was more willing to believe in tlic riclics 
of Florida than Ferdinand de Soto, lie had won 
wealth and fame in the conquest of Peru, and hoped by 
conquering this new land to outshine even Cortez. Jn 
1539, he landed on the coast with six hundred men. 



5 Who connncrrrt Mpxirof How long did U tnko him ? What did lio 
And then"? W hut did tliu Spaniards c.ill tlio country north of Mexico? 
Wli'i went thiTi! in l.W'^"/ With wliat difk'n? W h:a wao accoiiii»ii.-liid ? 
Wliiit .nnnlrifs were explored by Ciiluzi de V-iCii ? . ,. i i 

I. Wlio was Ferdinand de Solo? Wliat did he attempt ? What did he 
do? What became of him? What bccamo of his followers? 



1565.] SPANISE DISCOVERIES. 11 

He was prepared for a long march, having brought 
with him a forge, a drove of hogs, chains for captives, 
bloodhounds, and packs of cards. With these he 
entered the wilderness and wandered for more than a 
year through Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, look- 
ing for the land of gold. In 1541, he crossed the Mis- 
sissippi, and explored portions of Arkansas and Missouri. 
At last, worn out by fatigue and disappointment, De 
Soto fell sick and died (1542). His body was wrapped 
in a mantle, and sunk at midnight in the middle of the 
Mississippi. His followers, after vainly attempting to 
go by land to Mexico, returned to the Mississippi. 
Here, building some frail boats, they descended the 
river, and finally reached Mexico. 

Massacre of French Colonists in Florida. 

2. Floi'ida, which in Spanish geography embraced 
the United States and Canada, was for a time aban- 
doned by the Spaniards. In 156 1, a settlement was 
made on St. John's river by some French Protestants 
who had fled thither from persecution at home. They 
called their fort Carolina, in honor of Charles IX,, King 
of France, and thus gave a name to that region a cen- 
tury before it was colonized by the English. Philip 
II., king of Spain, determined to break up this settle- 
ment. For this purpose ho sent (1565) Melandez, a 
bloodthirsty fanatic, with a large force against it. 
The latter reached the coast on St. Augustine's day, 
and gave the name of that saint to the river up which 



2, What settlement was made In Florida by the French, and when f 
Whence came the name of Caiolinat Who deiermined to break up this 
French Fetilemeut ? Who was feiit to do this? Give an account of tlie 
exjiedition of Melaudcz Bow did he treat his captives? How was this 
atrocity aveugcd, and when? 



12 HISTUUr OF THE VNJTED STATICS. [I5«>7. 

lie snilcd, and to tho town which he founded upon its 
banks. In a short time Mclandez approached the 
French fort. John Ribault, its commander, went out 
with most of his men in ships to flight him at sea, A 
storm arose, wrecking the French fleet and driving 
the Spaniards ashore. Mclandez now assailed the 
fort by land and easily took it, cruelly bntcl)ering all 
of the garrison and most of the women and children. 
The French also who had survived the wreck of their 
ships were induced to surrender, and were then slain. 
To avenge this atrocity, Chevalier Gourges, in 1507, 
with one hundred and fifty men, attacked the Spaniards 
in Florida. After taking two forts and hanging the 
garrisons, he returned to France. The Spanish colo- 
nies, thus originating in jealous bigotry, were tho first 
permanently established in the United States. 

Sia Walter RALEian. 

3, While Spain was thus conquering and colonizing 
in the New World, England had not yet gained a foot- 
hold there. Many attempts were made by Englishmen 
in the ICth century to establish colonies in America, 
but without success. From tho time of Elizabeth, lib- 
eral patents were granted to tho enterprising ; many 
lives and much treasure were expended ; but it was not 
till 1G07 that a permanent English settlement was made 
in America. Foremost among those who directed the 
attention of the English to America was Siii Walter 
Raleigh. lie was a poet, statesman and soldier, and 



a Wcro any ftttompts mndo by tho Eiiglioh to cotnblUh colonics In 
AmVricft in the ICtli cciiturv ? Willi wbiit fucccss f From wjiosc time wcro 
lihcrnl imtcntH -ranted? Who was Sir Wali.r Halciu-by \\\m cxpcaition 
did he mild out in 1JW4? What was done by Uf What in the origiu of tho 
uauie Vinjiniaf 



1587.] VIRGINIA. 13 

clearly discerned the importance of England's gaining 
possessions in the New "World. In 1584, he sent out 
Amidas and Barlow in two vessels, instructing them 
to incline towards the south. Keaching Carolina the 
same year, in midsummer, they were so carried away 
with the beauty of the country that they came home 
loud in their praise of the new land. Elizabeth was so 
highly pleased with the account of what seemed en- 
chanted regions that she named them Yirginia, as a 
memorial of her virgin state. 

Sir Eichard Greenville and Captain White. 

4. Ealeigh fitted out two more expeditions, "but 
neither succeeded in making a permanent settlement. 
Sir Eichard Greenville, who conducted the first, landed, 
in 1585, on the Carolina coast, and attempted to estab- 
lish a colony. The men he left there became discon- 
tented and returned to England. Another party of 
fifteen colonists left by him in the following year were 
never heard of afterwards. The second was conducted 
by Captain White. In 1587, he reached Carolina, and 
established a colony on Eoanoke Island, He had 
brought with him his family, and, soon after landino-, 
his daughter, the wife of one of the assistants, gave 
birth to a female child. The infant, the first offspring 
of English parents on American soil, was called Yirginia 
Dare. In a short time, Captain White returned to 
England for reinforcements and supplies, leaving one 
hundred and eight souls on the island. He was s;one 



4, Give an account of the expedition under Sir Richard Greenville Give 
an account of the one under Captain White. What was the name of the 
first Kuglish child boru in America? Were White's colonists ever heard of 
after his departure? 



14 niSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1606. 

three years, and when he came back, not a trace could 
be found of the colonists. Five several times aftcr- 
■svards did Ealcigh send, at his own expense, to search 
for the lost colonists. Nothing was ever heard of them 
afterwards. 



CHAPTER IL 

VIUGINIA. 



SECTION L 

The Founding op Jamestown (ITxn May, 1G07). 

li The importance of colonizing America becoming 
every day more and more apparent, King James en- 
couraged the organization of companies for this purpose. 
In IGOG, he granted to the "London Company" the exclu- 
Bive right to plant colonies on the American coast be- 
tween the 38th and 34th degrees of north latitude. Acting 
under this charter, the "London Companj'" sent out a 
colony of one hundred and five persons under the 
leadership of Captain Newport. The fleet of three 
vessels was driven by a storm past Roanoke Island into 
Chesapeake Bay. To the headlands of this Bay they 
gave in passing the names they now bear, Cape llenrj' 
and Cape Charles, after the sons of the King; and the 
northern point within, whore they anchored in "good 
comfort," they named Point Comfort. They soon en- 
tered a noble river, which they called James, after the 
Kinn-; and about fifty miles from the mouth they 
landed, and founded the city of Jamestown. 



1. Whnt dirt KiiiR James prnnt to the London rompnny in IfiOd? Who 
conducHil tliii first colony? CJive an account of the voyii-o ami llm pomtj 
imnud by the coloni-^te. Whiit \o the oriirin of the name I'oint ( onifori? 
How fai "from the month of the river did they laud? 



1579.] VIRGINIA. 15 

Captain John Smith assumes the Leadership. 

2. At this juncture Wingficld was deposed, and 
Eatcliffe elected president. He was lazy and wanting 
in judgment, and there was soon much disorder. The 
control of affairs now fell into the hands of Captain 
John Smith, who, on a charge of sedition, had, for a 
while, been denied his place in the Council. He was, 
however, restored without a trial, and now, by his ad- 
dress and energy, saved the infant colony. 

His Life and Adventures. 

3. This remarkable man, though not yet thirty 
years of age, was ali-eady famous for his wonderful ad- 
ventures. He was born in Lincolnshire, England, in 
1579. At the age of fifteen he ran away from a mer- 
chant to whom he had been apprenticed, and went to 
Holland. Here he enlisted as a soldier, and fought for 
the independence of the Batavian Eepublic. Thence 
he travelled over most of Europe. Finding his way to 
Austria, he enlisted as a soldier in the war against the 
Turks. In this war he distinguished himself by glorious 
feats of arras, fighting three single combats with Turk- 
ish champions, and, in each, cutting off the head of his 
antagonist. He was finally wounded and captured, and 
sold as a slave. After suffering much and doing many 
wonderful things, he found his way back to England, 
and was chosen one of the Yirginia Council. 



2. At first, who was elected presirtent? Into whose hands did the con- 
trol of afl'iUrs 800U fall ? How had Captain Smith at first bteu treated ? 

3. When and where waa Smith born ? Give au account of his life before 
reaching America. 



16 UISTUliY OF THE VMTKD STATES. 11607. 

Smith Restores Order. 

4. Smith, driven as it were by the necessities of the 
colony to assume command, soon succeeded in restoring 
order. His firmness intimidated the evil-disposed and 
encouraged the faint-hearted. lie inspired the Indians 
■with respect and confidence, and not only gained their 
good will, but obtained from them large supplies of 
provisions. 

A YoYAQE OP Discovery Contemplated. 

6. As soon as peace and plenty reigned. Smith de- 
termined to go on a voyage of discovery up the James 
and its tributaries. The companj^ had expressly in- 
structed the Council to seek a communication with the 
South Sea by ascending some stream which flowed from 
the northwest. This arose from an idea that the rivers 
flowing into the Chesapeake Bay connected with, or 
nearly ajiproached the South Sea. 

Smith is Captured by the Indians. 

6. For the purpose of obeying the instructions of his 
employees, Smith determined to explore the Chick- 
ahomin}', which is a branch of the James flowing from 
the northwest. Ascending this river for a considerable 
distance in a barge, he took four men with him, leaving 
the others in the boat, with instructions not to land in 
liis absence. Proceeding with these four men in canoes, 
he, after a while, became separated from them in his 



4. ITow did SmUh rrplorc order? What did he obtain from the Tndlann? 

5. Wliy did lie doUMiuine to t;o ou u voyage of disicovery? Wliere was 
the Soull'i M'a llicil Hlippos'cd to l)e ? 

«. Wliat river did Sinllli attempt to explore? Oivc an account of liis 
capture. How wan lie treated by the ludiausf What use did lie malic of 
hit) pocket-conipaea ? 



1607.] VIRGINIA. 



eager search for game. The Indians, who were watch- 
ing him all the time, having first slain his men, who 
had landed contrary to his orders, now attacked him. 
Captain Smith killed three, and would probably have 
escaped, if, in his retreat, he had not become entangled 
in a marsh, where, unable to resist any longer, he sur- 
rendered. They carried him before their chief, Ope- 
chancanough, the brother of Powhatan. Death seemed 
certain, but Smith did not despair. He presented the 
chief with his pocket-compass, and, through an Indian 
interpreter, explained to him that the world was round, 
and how that little instrument enabled a man to travel 
all over it. They believed him, and could not find it in 
their hearts to kill so wise a man. They took him to 
Powhatan, and led him around from one tribe to 
another. The sorcerers were emploj'ed for three days 
in determining whether it would not bring down ven- 
geance on their heads to kill such a superior being. 
At last, the decision of his fate was referred to Powhatan. 

Is Condemned to Death, but Saved by Pocahontas. 

7. That venerable king of savages granted him all 
the honor of a formal trial, and condemned him to be 
beaten to death with war-clubs. The captive was 
bound, and placed with his head upon two stones. 
The executioners were ready with their clubs. Poca- 
hontas, the beautiful daughter of the king, entreated 
her father to spare the prisoner. Afraid of his people, 
he dared not consent. Her tears and prayers were of 
no avail; and it was not until, kneeling beside the 
victim, she laid her head upon his and clung to his 

7. What was the sentence of his jnclges? How was he ?avccl ? Who was 
Pocahoutas 1 What use did Smith make of hie time while a captive ? 



18 UlSTURl' OF Tilt: VMTKD STATES. ll«07, 

neck, that her father relented. Smith remained with 
the Indians some time, and made such good use of his 
leisure while a jjrisoner, studying their modes of war- 
fare, habits, and language, that his captivity proved 
the means of afterwards saving the colony. 



SECTION n. 
Smith's Eeturn. 

1, Smith sta^'ed with the Indians about seven 
weeks. lie was then allowed to go to Jamestown, upon 
his promising to send back by his guards two cannon, 
and a grindstone. These, upon reaching homo, he 
otfered to his guards, but they thought them too heavy 
and were glad enough to take instead some toys and 
trinkets. Upon his return, Smith found the colony 
greatly reduced by sickness, and the strongest of them 
about to escape in the pinnace. This attempt at deser- 
tion ho put down, though at the risk of his life. Shortly 
afterward Newport arrived from England with supplies 
and a reinforcement of one hundred and twenty persons, 
and the spirits of the colonists once more revived. 

The Gold Mania. 

2, Many of the new emigrants were vagabond gen- 
tlemen and goldsmiths, who had come to look for gold. 
Not long after their arrival glittering earth was found 
on the river-side, which was thought to contain the pre- 
cious metal. " There was now no talk, no hope, no 

1. Upon what conditions wnn Smith nllowod to rctnrn to .IfimeBtown ? 
Did lie fiilflli tliein ? lu wluit condition did ho find tho colony? How 
did he \)tu down the nitempt (ii di't«Ttlou7 WImt did Newport brin^? 

2. Wliat was the gold mania? What pat an end to it ? 



1608.] VIUGINIA. 19 

work, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold." 
Most of the colonists quitted work, and went to digging 
the new found treasure. Newport loaded his ships with 
it and embarked for England. In a short time ho re- 
returned and brought the news that the precious earth 
was worthless, and then the gold mania died out. 

Smith's Yoyages of Discovery. 

3. In the meantime Smith, disgusted with the follies 
of the colonists, undertook to explore the Chesapeake 
and its tributaries. To do this, he made two voyages 
in an open boat with a few companions. He was gone 
about three months, and during that time travelled nearly 
three thousand miles. He went up the Chesapeake to 
the mouth of the Susquehanna. He discovered and 
explored the Patapsco, and probably entered the harbor 
of Baltimore. He ascended the Potomac to the falls 
above Georgetown, and wherever he went, established, 
friendly relations with the native tribes. Of the coun- 
tries explored he prepared a map. It is still extant, 
and far more coi'rect than those made by other ex- 
plorers for seventy-five years afterwards. 

Newport's Second Supply. 

4. Being chosen president of the council shortly after 
his return to Jamestovrn, Smith strained every nerve to 
revive order and industry in the colony. About this 
time (1608), Newport arrived, bringing more settlers. 



S What dirl Smith determine to explore ? How long was he absent, 
and how far did he travel up the Chesapeake and Potomac? What sort 
of rciatiouB did be establish with the natives wherever he went? 

4. When was Smith nhoseu president? When did Newport arrive with 
his second supply? What was the character of the emigrants he brought 
with him ? 



20 mSTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. tl«09. 



Of tlicsc, two -were females, the first who had 3'et come. 
Most of tlic others were men unaccustomed to toil. 
Smith wrote to the Company to send no more such, 
asking for thirty mechanics rather than a thousand 
idlers. 

The New Charter. 

6. The company, having thus far failed to reap any 
gains from their outlay in Virginia, asked the king for 
a new and more liberal charter. This was granted 
(1G09). Under it, the Council in England was to bo 
independent of the monarch, while the Governor of the 
colony was clothed with almost absolute powers. Lord 
dc La Ware was chosen Governor, and three Commis- 
sioners, Newport, Gates, and Somers, were authorized 
to administer affairs until his arrival. The Commis- 
sioners set out with nine vessels and five hundred men. 
In a storm, near the Bermudas, the vessel containing 
the Commissioners was sti*anded, another perished, and 
only seven ships reached Virginia. 

More Distress. 

6. The arrival of the new-comers increased the 
troubles of the colony. There was now a now charter, 
and the officers ai)pointed under it were sujiposed to bo 
lost. There was no lawful authority, and many felt at 
libei'ty to do as they pleased. Provisions became 
scarce, and the Indians, exasperated b}' the conduct of 
some of the whites, threatened a war of extermination. 



5. Why was a now charter asked for T How did it diffi-r from the old 
one? VA lu) was n|i])oiiited Governor under ii ? Wlio were tlic Coniniis- 
Bioiicrwf Give an nccoiint of tlicir voy«;,'e acroHS the Atlaiillc. 

«. Jlow did tlic arrival of the iic\vciiniert< luako more trouble? Who 
came to the rescue? How did he rcetoro order? 



1610,] VIRGIJ^JA. 21 

The genius of Smith once more rescued the colony from 
ruin. Assuming his old authority, he forced the idle 
and turbulent to behave. Some he impi-isoned, othei'S 
he sent off to plant new colonies in Yirginia. 



SECTION III. 
Smith's Departure. 

1, Order was with difficulty thus preserved, when 
an accidental explosion of gunpowder so injured Smith 
that he was obliged to go to England. Subsequently 
he came back to America, but never revisited James- 
town. For what he had done he received nothing, 
not even the house he himself had built. He was the 
leader of the English race in America and the founder 
of Yirginia. He died in 1631, and was buried in Shrews- 
bury Church, London. Not many years ago the floor 
of the church was covered with a fresh cement, and 
the slab which marks the spot of his grave was thus 
hidden from view. 

The Brink op Kuin Eeached. 

2. After Smith's departure the colony soon went to 
ruin. There was no work, no care, and no order. 
Quarrels with the Indians were frequent, and the forag- 
ing parties of whites were cut off. Soon the supply of 
provisions was exhausted, and famine was followed by 
violence and disease. A band of thirty seized a ship 

1. What compelled Smith to go to England? Did he ever return to 
Jamestown? How was he rewarded for his works? When did he die, 
and where is he hnried? 

3. What followed the departure of Smith ? In six months what took 
place? What would have taken place had relief been delayed? 



22 HISTORY OF TBS UNITED STATES. [1610. 

and turned pirates. In six months the number was 
reduced from four hundred and ninety to sixty, and 
these would have perished if relief had been delayed 
ten days longer. 

Jamestown Abandoned. 

3. Just at this time, Gates arrived. As we have seen, 
his ship had been wrecked on the rocks of the Bermudas. 
He and his companions having built two new vessels 
from the cedars which they felled and from the wrecks 
of the old one, had come in them to join the colonists. 
All now embarked with Gates, resolved to abandon 
forever the place of their suffering. Some, out of spite, 
wanted to burn the town, but Gates, who was the last 
to embark, would not permit it. With the tide they 
dropped down the stream. The next morning, just as 
they neared the mouth of the river, they met Lord 
Delaware with ships, men, and supplies. Hope revived, 
and turning back, they reached Jamestown that night 
(8th Juno, 1610). 

The Colony Eestored. 

4. On the 10th of Juno, 1610, with religious exer- 
cises, the foundation of Virginia was relaid. The col- 
onists, many of whom had been snatched from the 
jaws of famine and shipwreck, showed a deep sense 
of the power and mercy of God. Said they, " God 
will raise our State and build his Church in this excel 

3. Who arrived at this time, and where did ho come from? What did 
the coloiiir.tB nil rcgolvc to do ? Whom did they meet on their way t What 
did they do then ? 

■1. Under what circnmptances was the colony re-established ? Why were 
the coloiiiHts im|)ressed with the mercy of QoAt After thin, how often did 
they meet in their little church? How many hours a day did tliev workV 
What became of thi'ir (iovernor? What did Oatcf brinir "illi liini / About 
tbiBtime, what chaugo tooli place which proved benellcial to the colony? 



1613.] VIRGINIA. 23 

lent clime." Daily they met in the little rugged 
church, "which was kept neatly trimmed with wild 
flowers," and invoked the blessing of the Most High. 
Six hours a day they worked in common. Thus, in- 
dustrious and devout, under the mild yet firm sway of 
Lord Delaware, peace and plenty returned. Their 
Governor, however, soon lost his health and went back 
to England. He was succeeded by Sir Thomas Dale, 
who brought with him liberal supplies for the colony. 
Still the colony was small and weak. In August, 1611, 
Gates, the ever sure friend in need, arrived with six 
ships and three hundred emigrants. He brought with 
him also cows, hogs, and goats. Mox'e arrivals followed, 
and the population soon reached seven hundred. 
About this time the colonists ceased to work in com- 
mon, and to every man was allotted a certain amount 
of land for his own use. This was a Avise measure. 
There was now order, abundance, and peace. 

Marriage and Death or Pocahontas. 

5. In 1613, Capt. Argall stole Pocahontas, and re- 
fused to give her up without a ransom. Powhatan, 
her father, was preparing to come and take her. A 
bloody Indian war seemed about to occur, and was 
only prevented by John Eolfe, " an honest and discreet 
young Englishman." Falling in love with the lovely 
Indian captive, he persuaded her to become first a 
Christian, and then his wife. The old chief, her father, 
consented, and the marriage was celebrated with much 
pomp. It was followed by a confirmed peace with the 
Indians; and thus Pocahontas, who had more than 

5 . Give an accouut of the marriage of Pocahontas. What good result did 
it produce? How was Pocahontas receiveJ in England? Has she any 
descendants in Virginia ? 



24 mSTUUY OF TUE U SITED STATES. [1619. 

once been the means of saving the colony, became now 
tl>e link of friendship between the white and red men. 
She lias descendunt-s now living in Virginia. 



SECTION IV. 
First IIouse of BunaESSES* 

1. In July, 1619, there met at Jamestown the first 
popular Assembly of the Western hemisphere. It was 
composed of representatives from the cloven boroughs, 
and hence was called the House of Burgesses. " This 
was the happy dawn of legislative liberty in America," 
and the colonists, proud of their freedom, went to work 
with renewed energy, " felling timber and building 
houses." Few women had as yet dared to cross the 
ocean. Now that the colonists were prosperous and 
greatly in need of wives, ninety women were persuaded 
by the company to emigrate. They were soon married, 
and their husbands willingly paid tho cost of their 
passage. This, at first, was one hundred pounds of to- 
bacco, but the demand increasing, one hundred and fifty 
pounds was the price asked. In a shoi't time, sixty 
more "maidens of a virtuous education " arrived, whoso 
expenses were defrayed by their new-found husbands. 

Negro Slavery. 

2. "Slavery and the slave trade are older than the 
records oi' human society ; and with tho cxcei)tion of 



1. Wlicn (Ikl the flrsit llonsc of BiirjrcsBca mcnt? Of what did it consist T 
ilow were \viv(^t< oblaiiu'd for tho colonists ? What did tlioy cost ? 

•2. How old \% sliivcry ? To what portions of the filohc, has it extended ? 
What i» Haid of Us existence among tho Greeks r The Honiansy The 
SnxonK. Gerniaiit>, &c. V Till what time were slavcsexported from Enirlnnd t 
When did the ne-^ro slave trade commence in Europe? Upon the diseovery 
of America what wa«i done with the captured Indians? Who was Sir John 
Hnwlvins? When and when<f did the llrnt Amerkau slave-hhip sail from 
America? Where and when were tlie Urst ucjiro slaves sold in the coloules? 



1620.] VIRGINIA. 25 

Australasia, have extended to every portion of the 
globe." The Hebrews carried it with them into the 
Land of Canaan from Egypt. The Greeks made slaves 
of their captives in war ; and among the Romans, the 
wife and children were the slaves of the head of the 
household. The Saxons, Germans, Spaniards, Vene- 
tians, bought and sold slaves. Till 1102, slaves were 
exported from England to Ireland. The name slave 
comes from the word Sclavonic, because so many of that 
race were sold by the Germans into slavery. The ne- 
gro slave trade in Europe commenced about 1415. When 
America was first colonized by the Spaniards, the na- 
tives were enslaved, and many were carried away and 
sold. In Virginia, the Indians were kidnapped, and in 
New England the captives were frequently sold into 
slavery. It was found, however, that the Indian made 
a poor laborer, and the negro was brought over to take 
his place. Sir John Hawkins, the first Englishman who 
engaged in the slave trade, was a man of distinction, 
and Queen Elizabeth shared the traffic with him. The 
first American slave-ship sailed from Boston (1645), and 
a half owner of it was James Smith, a member of the 
Church of Boston, In August, 1620, "a Dutch man-of- 
war entered the James River, and landed twenty negroes 
for sale." This was the beginning of negro slavery 
in America. Afterwards, it existed in all the colonies. 

The Cultivation of Tobacco. 

2. Tobacco was the currency of the colony. It was 
first found among the Indians, who, however, only 

2. What was the currency in the colony ? Did the Enfj^lish learn from the 
Indians to use it? Why was it so extensively cultivated now? 



26 niSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1642. 

Bmokcd it. The Europeans wcro the first to chew and 
snuflf it. The cultivation oi tobacco was soon found 
to be profitable in Virginia, and, in a short time, the 
fields, the gardens, the public squares, and even the 
streets of Jamestown were planted with tobacco. 

Charles I., Kino op England. 

3. In 1G25, Charles I. became King of England. At 
first he favored the colotiy, and it grew rapidly. Intent 
only on getting more revenue, he did not meddle witli 
the rights of the colonists. Ho proposed to sell for 
them all their tobacco. To this they assented through 
their Assembly. In 1629, John Ilarvcy was appointed 
Governor. He did not make a popular officer. During 
his rule largo portions of the colonial territory were 
granted by the king to his favorites. One of these was 
the grant of Maryland to Loi-d Baltimore. The Vir- 
ginians complained bitterly of this, and the attempt of 
a few to resist Baltimore's occupation of the territory 
had their sympathy. Harvey sided with Baltimore, 
and thus became so odious to the people that the Assem- 
bly suspended him from office. He went to England, 
and, facing his accusers before the King, was restored 
in triumph. For two years longer ho governed, when 
ho was succeeded by Sir Francis Wyatt. 

Sir William Berkeley. 

4. In 1G42, Sir AVilliam Berkeley was appointed 
Governor. Ho confirmed the former privileges of the 



3. Whnt fTidKinsrCIiarlea jiropooc to tTie Virginians? When was Harvey 
n)!n'lii;«.viTM.ir7 Wliywils hi- unpopuliir? 

1. Wlmt iliil IJcikclrvrto poon iilier his npponitniriit ? What nliuccs wcro 
now iclonii'tl / What wan atH'iuptcdby ihi: luiliaua? With what succcBsy 
WUtti chiff will* taln-u and «>lalu? 



1649.] VIHGINIA. 27 

Virginians and received the cordial support of all. 
Many abases were now reformed. Religion was pro- 
vided for; the law about land titles adjusted; taxes 
more justly assessed, and industry encoui-aged. The 
great prosperity of the colony excited the jealousy of 
the Indians. In 1644-, its total destruction was again 
attempted. The onset was begun upon the frontier 
settlements, and three hundred persons were killed be- 
fore the savages were driven back into the wilderness. 
A fierce war raged, and the Indians were terribly pun- 
ished. Opechancanough, the old enemy of the whites, 
was taken, and peace was again established. 

The Loyalty of Yirginia. 

5. About this time, a civil war broke out in England 
between the King and his Parliament. The Yirginians 
throughout the struggle adhered to their monarch, and 
after he had been taken and executed on the scaffold, 
they espoused the cause of his exiled son (1649). 
Charles II., a fugitive from England, reigned in Yir- 
ginia, and there his royal banner still proudly waved. 
The exiled Cavaliers, the friends of the royal cause, 
found a warm welcome in the houses of the Yirginians. 
"Men of consideration among the nobility, gentry, and 
clergy," sought refuge along the shores of the Chesa- 
peake, "where every house was for them a hostelry and 
every planter a friend." 

5. In the Englisb civil war, to what Bide did Virginia adhere? Who 
found a warm wulcome in Virgiuia f 



28 ulstory of tue ua'ited states. [1650. 

Loyalty's Eeward. 

6. In 1050, Parliament, incensed at the open defiance 
of Virginia, forbade all persons to trade with hci-, and 
despatched an armed force to reduce her to obedience. 
The commissioners with the army were instructed if 
pardon was refused by the Virginians, to resort to 
every mode of warfare, and even to arm the slaves 
against their masters. Massachusetts, instead of sym- 
pathizing with her sister colony in distress, passed a 
law prohibiting all intercourse with her. In 1G51, the 
hostile fleet entered the Chesapeake. Berkeley made 
ready to oppose it. The odds were much against him, 
but his gallant display secured him favorable terms of 
surrender. It was stipulated that " the Virginians 
should have all the rights of free-born Englishmen, 
and that they should not bo taxed without the consent 
of their owu Assembly." 



SECTION V. 
Tub Ekvolt of Virginia. 

1. During the rule of Cromwell in England, Cava- 
liers, flying from persecution, continued to seek refuge 
in Virginia. They brought with them a hatred of the 
Protector and an undying love for their exiled king. 
Hence the feeling of loyalty grew daily stronger. In 



6. What did Pnrliiuntnt, do In 1050? Wlint were the instructions of the 
roiiiinissioiRTB? Uiii UciktU^ resisl? Wimt j,'"od did liU j,'""i>"t dicplny 
do? 

1. Wiint nindo tlic fccliii.: nf loyalty incronse in Virtjinin? Wlien did tlrnt 
colony rt'voU auaiiist tlu' iiiiilimiiy of I'arlianu'ut ? Wliat prcvculcd tlio 
homc'governniunl from puuisliing licrf 



1673.] VIRGINIA. 29 

1658, Matthews, the Governor, died ; the people rose and 
boldly erected the royal standards About this time 
Cromwell died, and, happily for the colonists, the dis- 
ti'actions that ensued in England prevented her rulers 
from punishing Virginia. Not long afterwards Charles 
was restored, and the Virginians could truly say that 
" they were the last to renounce and the first to resume 
their allegiance to the crown." In honor of his loyal 
Virginians, Charles wore at his coronation a robe of 
Virginia silk, and since that time Virginia has been often 
called " The Old Dominion." 

Nathaniel Bacon. 

2. Upon the restoration of monarchy, oppressive 
laws were passed by the home government. The King 
granted away lai'ge portions of the colonial territory. 
The Northern Neck was granted to Culpepper (1669). 
In 1673, the whole of Virginia was granted to Culpepper 
and Arlington. The pressure of these grievances soon 
began to excite open discontent. Even Berkeley be 
came unpopular. The dissatisfaction was artfully pro- 
moted by Nathaniel Bacon, an ambitious and designing 
young demagogue. A native of England, he had come 
to the colony three years before. He was implicated 
in a plot of the preceding year, had been imprisoned 
and pardoned by the Governor. He was bold, hand- 
some, eloquent, crafty and unscrupulous. With skill, 
he fed the spirit of discontent until there only wanted 
an occasion to start an open rebellion. 

2. What followed the restoration of mocnrohy? What grants did 
Charles make? Who was Bacon? What was his previous Jiistory aud 
character ? 



30 nisrouY of the united states. liotg. 

Bacon goes to Jamestown for his Commission. 

3. This was farnishod by the Indian outrages on the 
border. A war having broken out with tiio Susque- 
hannahs, they were ravaging the whole frontier from 
the Potomac to the James. The people rose in arms 
and chose Bacon as their leader. He assured them that 
ho would redress all their wrongs. lie applied to the 
Governor for a commission, and oflfercd to go at onco 
against the Indians. Berkeley, mistrusting his motives, 
refused. Thereupon, at the head of five hundred men. 
Bacon marched to Jamestown. The Governor defied 
him. The Council then in session, intimidated, com- 
missioned him Captain-General of all the forces of 
Virginia. The Governor was persuaded to sign it. 
No sooner, however, had the rebels departed than tlie 
commission was annulled. Bacon and his men returned. 
Berkeley aud the Council fled, and civil war commenced 
(1670). 

Civil Wae. 

4. To legalize his acts, Bacon summoned a conven- 
tion of the principal planters and secured their support, 
lie now marched against the Indians. After defeating 
them, he returned to fight the loyalists. Berkeley was 
not idle. He had grown gray in the service of Virginia, 
and had many friends. The hostile forces met, and 
civil war with all its horrors raged. Estates were 
pillaged, plantations laid waste, and Janu-stown was 



S. What fnruiehcd a pretext for rebellion? Why did tlic Governor 
rcfufc to grant a comnii!<HU)U to Bacouf Uow did he fiually pet it J 
When did civil war conmu-nrc? ,., , 

4. Wliy did bacon ifiiuunon a convention? Againut wliom did ho 
then marcli ? With what ouccl-ps ? What character did the civil war 
now EBBumc? What part did the King take? llow did the war end? 



1688.] VIBOINIA. 31 

reduced to ashes. Charles proclaimed Bacon a traitor 
and sent over troops to help Berkeley. Before their 
arrival, Bacon suddenly sickened and died (1677). His 
followers soon afterwards surrendered. His death was 
a fatal blow to his party, and the rapidity with which 
it then fell to pieces shows how much he was its soul 
Thus ended a contest which seemed, at one time, about 
to ruin the colony. 

Culpepper and Effingham. 

5, Culpepper, as Governor (1680-1684), oppressed and 
robbed the people. So did Effingham, his successor. 
His extortions at last excited so much ill-feeling that 
he was obliged to go to England to face his accusers. 
Before their arrival, James was i-emovcd (1688) from 
the throne, and William of Orange seated uj)on it. 
Effingham was not dismissed until 1692, though he 
never afterwards returned to Virginia. 

Influence of Eevolution of 1688. 

6, The revolution which placed William III. upon 
the throne of Great Britain was the source of much 
good to Virginia. The college of William and Mary 
was now established. The King still continued to 
appoint the Governors, but their powers were defined, 
and the authority of the Colonial Assemblies was able 
to restrain them from making any inroads upon the 
Constitution. Spotswood, one of the colonial Governors 



5. What was the chfiracter of the aclminlstration of Cnlpepper? Of 
Effingham ? Why was Effingham obliged to go to England f What occurred 
before he got there? 

C. Of what good was the revolution in England productive for the colony? 
Who explored the valley beyond the Blue Kidge ? What did he give to each 
of his companions ? 



32 niS'JOUY OF TJIK VSITKV UTATEli. [»«»*• 

(1710-1722), was the first to explore the bcnutifiil val- 
leys beyond the Bine liidgo, and, on returning, gave 
each of his companions a golden horse-shoe. The first 
iron furnace in North Amei-ica was established by him. 

The Cuurch Establishment. 

7, In 1C88, Virginia contained a population of 60,000. 
Now that there was perfect security, her numbers 
steadily increased. Until 1776, the Episcopal was the 
established Church, and every one was taxed to support it. 
There were forty-eight parishes. In each parish was a 
church, with a parsonage-house and glebe attached. 
In 1688, the majority of the people belonged to the 
Established Church. Soon afterwards a change took 
place, and, at the beginning of the American Eovolu- 
iion, two-thirds of the people wore dissenters from the 
Episcopal Church. 



CHAPTEK III. 

NEW ENGLAND. 

SECTION I. 

Attempts at Colonization. 

1. The Plymouth Company, in whose grant of land 

between 41° and 45° north latitude New England was 

included, failed to make any permanent settlements in 

that region. In 1614, Captain John Smith explored 

7. Whnt was tho population of Vlrelnla In IdSST Wliat Church were nil 
taxed to suppDrtf Uow many pariuUes were there? What propoition of 
the iiiu>i))o were diesenlfri*? 

1. W lieu and hy whom did New En-jlnnd receive its namef Who flret 
BClllcd ii ? iji whose grunt was the country included? 



1623.] NEW ENGLAND. 33 

the coast of New England and gave it that name. In 
1620, James I. granted to a company of foi'ty persons 
all the land between 40° and 48°. Before anything was 
done by these, the fii'st permanent settlement w^as 
made by a body of Puritans without charter or 
authority. 

The First Settlement. 

2. The Puritans were a religious sect in England, 
and were so called from their affected purity of manners. 
They objected to all forms and refused to commune 
with every church unlike their own. Laws were passed 
requiring them to attend public worship in the parochial 
churches or to leave the countr3\ Preferring exile, many 
emigrated to Holland. In 1620, a portion of these re- 
turned to Southampton, where they took ship for Amer- 
ica. After a rough passage, they reached the coast (9th 
Nov., 1620). John Carver was elected Governor. After 
exploring the coast, it was determined to settle at 
Plymouth Eock. On the twenty-first of December 
they landed, and the next day commenced building 
houses. The colony at first numbered one hundred 
and two persons. Before spring, more than one-half 
of these, including the Governor, perished from hunger 
and disease. Indeed, for years there was much suffer- 
ing. In 1623, it is said they had but a pint of corn to 
divide. This was because, like the Jamestown colonists, 
they worked in common. The following yeai', every 
man had his own farm. After that, corn was abundant. 



2. Who were the Puritans? Why did they leave Fiijjlaud? Where did 
they first sail from for America? Where, after examining the coast, did 
they determine to settle ? What was the number of the tirst^colooists ? L)id 
they have to eufter much? Why? What change brought ahuudauce ? When 
was a reprcseutative system of govcrnmcut adopted? 

3* 



34 niSTOUY OF THE VHITED STATES. [1031. 

In 1G24, more emigrants arrived, bringing cattle, hogs, 
and poiiltr}', and the colony now contained one hundred 
and eighty inhabitants. In 1627, their landa were 
purchased by the colonists of the Plymouth Company 
for eighteen hundred pounds, and a patent was obtained. 
In 1G39, they adopted a representative system of gov- 
ernment. 

Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

3. In 1622, a settlement was made at Weymouth, 
Mass. In 1628, John Endicott, with one hundred emi- 
grants, settled at Salem. Others followed, and Charles- 
town, Eoxbury, and Boston were founded. These set- 
tlements were incorporated, in 1629, under the name 
of "The Colony of Massachusetts Bay." At first, the 
government of the colony was conducted in London, 
but in 1629, it was transferred to Massachusetts. John 
Winthrop was chosen Governor, and brought over with 
him, in 1630, eleven ships with eight hundred emigrants, 
lie also brought with him a charter, which was kept 
till the uiiion of the colonics, Plymouth and Massa- 
chusetts, in 1691. Under this cliarter, the colony was 
to be governed by the Governor and his assistants, and 
all the freemen. In 1631, a law was passed allowing 
none but members of the Church to vote. As this dis 
franchised three-fourths of the people, there was mu(;h 
complaint. The government was now thrown into the 
hands of comparatively a few persons, and they were 
controlled by the clergy. The presence of every man 
at public worship was now required by law. 



3. What ectUcmonfn dirt the colonyof MnppachnscttB Bay inclndo? When 
\v:>t< the ilrst f<)uii(icd ? When dirt Wintlirop arrive? What dirt he brin-r 
with biin ? What law was pasBcd in liiai ? \\ liiit was the eUcct of tliis law 1 



1622.] NEW E A GLAND. 35 

SECTION III. 

Settlement of Ehode Island. 

L EoGER Williams, a bold young preacher, dared 
to teach that every man had the right to worship God 
according to the dictates of his own conscience. This 
was resented by the Boston authorities, and the young 
zealot continuing intractable, he was ordered to be sent 
back to England. He fled for safety to the Indians^ 
and for a long time wandered " not knowing what bread 
or bed did mean." At last, (1636), he, with five com- 
panions, selected a spot for their new home, and called 
it Providence. "I desired," said he, "it might be for a 
shelter for persons distressed for conscience." In the 
course of two years he was joined by others fleeing 
like him from persecution, and, in 1638, he obtained an 
Indian deed from the chief of the Narragansetts for an 
extensive domain. Among those who joined him was 
Mrs. Ann Hutchinson. She had been denounced in 
Boston for being " like Eoger Williams or worse," and 
on this account had been exiled from the territory of 
Massachusetts as " unfit for the society of its citizens." 
She, with some of her friends, settled on the ishmd of 
Ehodes, in Narragansett Bay. From these two settle- 
ments sprang the State of Rhode Island. 

Colonization of Maine and New Habipshire. 

2. Sir Ferdinand Gorges and John Mason, in 1622, 
obtained a grant of the territory between the Kennebec 

■J. Who was Roger Williams? Why did he fly from Boston? When? 
Wlici'c did he fonnd a coUmy ? What did he obtain from the chief of ihe 
KatraErimsettt' ? Who was Mrs. Auu IliUchiusou? Why was Mrs, Hutchin- 
Eon diiveu from Massachusetts? From what two settlements sprang the 
Slate of Khodo Island? 

2. Under what grant were Maine and New Hampshire colonized ? When 
was New Hampshire annexed to Massachusetts ? Uow long did the uuiun 
last? What is said of Maine? 



36 niSTORY OF THE U SITED STATES. [1630. 

and Merrimac rivers. Under this u;rant New Ilamp- 
Bhire and Maine were colonized. The first settloinent 
in Now Hampshire was made in 1623. In 1G41, it was 
annexed to Massachusetts. The union continued till 
1680. In 1652, Maine was also annexed to Massachu- 
setts, and continued a8 a part of the same until 1820, 
when it became a State. 

Connecticut. 

3. In 1614, the Dutch discovered the ConJ^ecticut 
river, and established a trading post on its banks. For 
some time they held undisturbed possession of the 
countr3^ In 1635, a fort was built at the mouth of the 
river, and named Sayhrook by the English. In the 
meantime parties of emigrants from the Massachusetts 
colonies had entered the country in spite of the attcmj)ts 
of the Dutch to drive them away. The fii-st English 
settlement on the Connecticut was made in 1633 at 
Windsor. Others followed, and Hartford and Wethers- 
field were settled. In 1636, a largo body of emigrants 
crossed the wilderness from the vicinity of Boston, led by 
Thomas Hooker, "the light of the western Churches." 

The Pequod War. 

4, The infant towns on the Connecticut were pnon 
harassed bj' the neighboring Indians, the Fcrjuods. This 
savage tribe could muster seven hundred warriors. 
They courted the alliance of the Narragansctts, ko 

3. Who dlBCOvcrcd the Conncctirnt livcr? Pitl they ocrnpy thccnnnfry? 
When, ■where, and by wlioiu was Fort t^aybrook built? VS'lieii was llie fiict 
Knirlish settlemeut made ou the Comiecticut ? Where? What occurred in 

4. What tribe harassed the colony? Why did they court an nllinncc 
with the Narrairanci-tts? Who pri'v.'iitcd it f How? Give an acK.iini "f 
the expedition led by Ma«on. How were the defeated liidinns* trcalcd? 
How niiiiiy were flaiii? What wan done with the reft? When were the 
lictllcuicula of £iuw llavuu aud Cuuuecticut uuitcd uuder ouc govcruuient? 



1668.] NEW ENGLAND. 37 

that, With a united blow, the English might be swept 
from the ancient " hunting grounds." Eoger Williams, 
at the risk of his life, met the Pequod ambassadors 
around the council-fires of the Narragan setts, and pre- 
vented the union. The Pequods were undaunted and 
continued to harass the settlers. A force of whites was 
organized, and, with two hundred and fifty Indian allies, 
were led by Captain Mason against the foe. At earl}^ 
dawn they attacked the principal Pequod fort on the 
river Thames. The Indians fought bravely, and victory 
hung in the balance. " We must burn them," shouted 
Mason, and he cast a fire-brand among the light mats 
of the wigwams. The encampment was soon all in a 
blaze. The English encompassed it and killed all who 
attempted to escape. About six hundred Indians, men, 
women and children, perished, most of them in the fire. 
Another body of three hundred was soon afterwards de- 
feated. The rest of the tribe were pursued into their 
hiding-places and nearly all of them slain. Two hundred 
surrendered and were either dispersed among other 
tribes or sold into slavery. In 1668, the Connecticut 
settlements were united with New Haven under one 
government. For this purpose a charter had been 
granted by the King. 



38 UISTORY OF THE VNITED STATES. [1633. 

CHAPTER IV. 

MARYLAND AND NEW YOEIL 

SECTION I. 

Colonization of Maryland. 

1, Sir George Calvert, aftcrwarda Lord Balti- 
more, a Roman Catholic, conceived the project of foiitui- 
irii; in America a comtnonwcalth for his persecuted re- 
ligious brethren. For this he persuaded Cliarles I. to 
give him all that part of Virginia lying north of the 
Potomac river. In compliment to the Queen, he called 
his province Maryland. Baltimore died before the 
completion of the patent, and the grant was made to 
his son, Cecilius, in 1G32. In the royal charter the 
Proprietary was to be independent of the King, but the 
religious and political liberty of the colonists was guar- 
anteed. The first emigrants, numbering about two 
hundred, sailed with Leonard Calvert in a vessel called 
the Ark and the Dove. They landed near the mouth of 
the Potomac (1633). BujMng from the savages a large 
district in which an Indian town was included, they 
occupied the same, calling it St. Mary's. Within two 
years after their arrival they exported to New Eng- 
land ten thousand bushels of corn. The news of their 
o-ood fortune induced others to join them. To every 
immigrant was given fifty acres of land. The Indians 
were friendly, liberty and land were given to all, and the 
colony prospered greatly. 

1. Who was Sir Oeoriio CnlvortT Wtint <lifl ChnrlcB I. protnlso to him ? 
To'wliom wns the chnit'^ ijriuili'il? Wlint was (jiinrniitccd In it? Who 
coiidnctril ilio (IrHt colouy ? Wlurc and wlicu did ihfy land? Wlial did 
they Iniy from tliu ludiaiie? Did thoy prcepcr? How much laud was ;jivcu 
tu (Ukch iminii^raulY 



1654.] maryland. 39 

Clayborne's Eebellion. 

2. The grant to Lord Baltimore, by which Yii-ginia 
was dismembered, excited much complaint in that 
colony. An attempt was made by the planters to have 
the grant interfered Avith by the Governor, but without 
success. The opposition of William Clayborne was 
more serious. In 1631, with the consent of the Kine:, 
he had established a trading settlement on Kent Island 
situated near the centre of Maryland. He now claimed 
that island as his own, and refused to acknowledge 
Lord Baltimore's jurisdiction over it. He stirred up 
the neighboring Indians against Lord Baltimore's 
people, and incited the Kent Island settlers to violence. 
He was indicted for murder and pii'acy, and fled to 
England. There he still made war on Lord Baltimore's 
charter. Defeated in the courts, he returned to Mary- 
land, and, taking advantage of the troubled times, 
(1644-5) kindled a rebellion and chased Calvert into 
Virginia. In 1646, Calvert returned, and, expelling 
Clayborne, re-established the Proprietary Government, 
In the following year Calvert died (1647). 

The Toleration Act. 

3. In 1649, the Maryland Assembly passed the famous 
Toleration Act. This procured for that colony the pi-aise 
of being the first in America to declare and protect by 
law religious toleration. In 1654, Claj^borne, assisted 
by the Maryland Puritans, again got control of affairs. 



2. How did the Virginia colonists lilie the grant to Lord Baltimore? 
What was attempted by them? What did Clayborne claim? Of what was 
he guilty? What did he do in IG'14? When did Talvert return? 

S. When was the " Toleration Act " passed? Who got control of aflairs 
in 1034 ? Who were now disfranchised ? What followed ? What was done 
by Feudall? 



40 UlSTORY OF TUB U SITED STATES. [I70O. 

The Roman Catholics were now disfranchised. War 
ensued. Josias Fendall a])i)eared as Lord Baltimore's 
lieutenant, and was acknowledged by the Catholics. 
In 1G58, his authority being no longer disputed, ho 
surrendered the government into the hands of the As- 
sembly, and from it received a new commission. 

CuARLES Calvert. 

4. At the restoration of Charles II. (1660), Charles 
Calvert, son of Cecilius, supported by the authority of 
the King, took possession of the province. Liberty was 
now restored, and peace and prosperity foUoweti. In 
1G92, Charles was removed, and Andros appointed by 
the King to succeed him. In 1716, the Proprietary 
Government was restored, and lasted until the i\evohi- 
tion. 

Condition of Maryland (1660-1700). 

5. In IGGO, the population of Maryland was about 
twelve thousand. Tlie people were industrious ; money 
was scarce, and tobacco was the only medium of 
exchange. As in Virginia, the "Navigation Act" 
worked great injury to commerce. In Virginia 
an attempt was made to enhance the price b}^ re- 
straining the cultivation of tobacco. Maryland re- 
fused to adopt this measure. In 1671, a duty of 
two shillings was imposed on every hogshead of to- 
bacco exported. About 1700, Maryland had thirty. 

4. Who took posecBBlon of tho province in ICTiOT What foUowpdf Who 
was appointed to eucoced Charles f \Vh«n was the Proprietary Government 

5. \V hilt \vn« the population of Maryland in IfiCOT What in ITIHI? What 
wac tlu' chnrncter ofihe pe<ii)ley When was Auunoolis nindu the cniiiial? 
Of Willi did the Ilousc of uur-jeBueB couslBt? What was the pay of each 
member? 



1625.] NEW YORK. 41 

thousand inhabitants, and exported as much tobacco as 
Yirginia. In 1699, Annapolis, instead of St. Mary's, 
became the capital, and all roads leading thither were 
oi'dered to be marked by notches cut on trees. The 
House of Burgesses consisted of four members from 
each county, and two from th^e capital; the daily pay 
of each being one hundred and sixty pounds of tobacco. 
Maryland, with the other colonies, was much infested 
by wolves. Even in 1715, a previous act was renewed 
offering throe hundred pounds of tobacco for every 
wolf's head. 



SECTION n. 

First Settlement of New York. 

1, New York became apart of the British dominions 
not by settlement but by conquest. It was first settled 
by the Dutch. Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the 
employment of a Dutch company, discovered (1G09) the 
river known by his name. On his return to Holland, 
he described the country as " the most beautiful in the 
world." A ship was sent to that region by some mer- 
chants of Amsterdam to trade with the natives. A 
trading post was established (1614) on Manhattan's 
Island. In 1621, the Dutch West India Company was 
invested with a right to plant colonies on the American 
coast. Traffic with the natives increased ; and in 1625, 
the cottages of New Amsterdam began to cluster 
around the block-house on Manhattan. In a short 



1. How did New York become a part of the Critieh clominions ? By 
whom aud when was the Hudson discovered ? When w:is a trading post 
estal51ished on Manhattan Island? What began to appear on the island in 
1625? 



42 lllSTOllY OF TUE VNITKD STATES. LlttCl. 

time forts were built, and colonics planted by the Dutch 
on the Delaware, Hudson, and Connecticut rivers. 

Trouble with NEionBORS. 

2. As early as 1633, the English had made a settle- 
ment on the Connecticut. In 1638, the Swedes planted 
a rival colony on the Delaware. The attempt to dis- 
lodge the English failed, and the Dutch finally surren- 
dered to them the valley of the Connecticut. But the 
Swedes were overcome by the Dutch in battle, and 
completely conquered (1655). In 1642, an Indian war 
broke out. Kieft, the Dutch Governor, cruelly mas- 
sacred some Indians who had fled to him for protection. 
This roused the neighboring tribes to terrible deeds of 
vengeance. Fearful atrocities were committed. War 
raged, and peace was not restored till 1646. 

Conquest op New Netherlands. 

3, Peter Stuyvcsant, who succeeded Kieft, made a 
good Governor. Under him New Sweden was con- 
quered, the Indians kept in awe, liberty maintained, 
immigration and trade encouraged. In 1664, Charles 
II. granted to his brother, the Duke of York^ the terri- 
tory between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. In 
a few months thereafter an English squadron, com- 
manded by Col. Nichols, came to enforce the grant. 
Now Amsterdam was summoned to surrender. Stuyvc- 
sant at first refused, but finally, persuaded by the citi- 

2. When did the EncrHsh mnko a settlement on the Connocticiit? Did 
they remnin tliiTe? ^^■|l:lt wuk the fulc of the Swedes ou tlie Delaware? 
Whiit oecurred in lOI-i? W'liai rouBed the (»avuj,'e» to deeds of veuj,'eancc? 
When wan peace restored ? • 

S. What was done diirini: the rule of Stuj'vcsant ? What did Charles II. 
grant to the Uuko of York? Wiicn? Give an account of the couqucBt of 
New Neliierlands. What did the victoro promiiiu!' What was now the 
case for the flrut time f 



1680.] NEW YORK. 43 

zens, yielded. The victors promised security to the 
customs, religion, institutions and possessions of the 
Dutch. " Early in October the Dutch and Swedes on 
the Delaware capitulated, and for the first time the 
whole Atlantic coast of the old thirteen States was in 
possession of England." 

New Jersey 

4. Two months before the conquest of New Nether- 
lands, the Duke of York had assigned to Lord Berkeley 
and Sir George Carteret the land between the Hudson 
and Delaware. In honor of Carteret, the territory was 
called New Jersey. The first and oxAy permanent 
settlement that had yet been made in this region was 
at Bergen (1658). 

New York Taken and Eestored, 

5. New York, which was the name now given both 
to New Amsterdam and New Netherlands, had for its 
English Governor, Col. Nichols. His rule created 
much dissatisfaction. In 1673, a Dutch squadron ap- 
proached the city. No resistance was made, and New 
York was taken. The people on the Delaware and 
Hudson submitted, and New York became once more 
a province of the Netherlands. It was, however, re- 
stored to the English in 1674 by a treaty of peace between 
Holland and England. Andros was appointed Governor, 
under a new patent to the Duke of York ; but he op- 
pressed the people, and was recalled (IGSO). 

4. What laiuT was assiarncd to Berkeley and Carteret? When was the first 
permanent selth^meut iu New Jersey made ? Where ? 

5. Who was the first English Governor of New York? What occurred 
iu 1073? When was the colony restored to the English ? What Is said 
of Andros ? 



44 UISTORY UF THE VSlTt.D STATES. [»«>»'*• 

SECTION III. 
Condition op the Puovince (1G78). 

1, At this time, New York city had a population of 
>ivbout 4000. Fifteen vessels traded there yearly, ex- 
changing manufactured products for beef, lumber, 
tobacco, poultry, &c. The value of all the estates in 
the province was $750,000. There were no beggars, 
and few paupers. The armj'' of defence consisted of 
2000 militia, 1-iO of whom were mounted. 

Treaty with Virginia and the Five Nations. 

2, In 1683, Colonel Dougan, the Governor, organized 
a free government. It was during his rule that the 
celebrated treaty for mutual defence against the French 
between Virginia, New York, and the Five Nations, 
was formed. In 1G85, the Duke of York became King 
of England. The colony, expecting a confirmation of 
its liberties, was rejoiced. But James forgot his 
promises to grant a new Constitution. Ho even took 
away old liberties, and, in 1G88, insulted the colonists 
by appointing Andros Governor of New York and New 
England. 

Leisler's Eebellion. 

,3, The tyranny of Andros excited a rebellion. In 
1G88, news of the abdication of James II. reached the 
colony. The Governor was absent. His deputy flrd. 
Jacob Leisler headed a rising of the people, and, seizing 
the fort, assumed the government. For several years 

1, What was tho population of Now York nt this time ? Wtiat is paid of 
hcr'coniiiK'iocf Ot ii-;U oslati".' Of wli'it did tliu iinn ■ coiiiiisf.' 

2. \Vlmt occurred iu Kls'J? IiiKiS'i? How did .laiiii » treat tin- i-oIoiiii'tH ? 
s! Wliai excited a rel)ellioii iu IdtftJ? Wiio headed the iusiirreciiou ? 

What (lid iio do? How louj; did hie power last ? What became of him? 



1701.] JVEW YOliK. 45 

he maintained his power. In 1601, a new Governor, 
appointed by King William III,, arrived. Leisler 
was taken, tried for treason, condemned, and executed. 

Massacre of Schenectady. 

4. During the rule of Leisler (1689), a body of 
French and Indians went on an expedition against 
New York. They got lost in the snow, and came 
suddenly at night upon Schenectady. Falling upon 
the sleeping inhabitants, they slew men, women, and 
children. A few escaped, and their stories of the mas- 
sacre roused the fiercest resentment. Expeditions were 
set on foot against both Montreal and Quebec, but 
nothing was accomplished. 

Captain Kidd. 

5. In 1696, piracy had become a crying evil in the 
colonies. Not a few piratical vessels were said to have 
sailed from New York, and Fletcher, the Governor, 
was suspected of being interested in the bloody busi- 
ness. Bellamont, the next Governor, was ordered to 
root out the evil. For this purpose he employed Cap- 
tain Kidd ; but he, being a leading cut-throat, only 
made matters worse. He was finally caught and 
hung (1701). 



4. Give an acconnt of the Massacre of Schenectady? Was any eflFort 
made to avenge the atrocity? 

5. What had become a great evil In 16flC? Of what was Fletcher accused? 
Who was Kidd? What was he employed to do ? What did he prove to be? 



46 UlSTOItY OF TIIK UNITED STATKS. \\aHl. 

CHAPTER V. 

PES'NSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE, 



^YILLIAM PeNN. 

1. Pennsylvania was founded by "William Penn, a 

Quaker, and for the benefit of Quakers. Penn was 
boru in 1044. At seventeen he was expelled from 
the University of Oxford for non-conformity. This 
so enraged his father that the boy was driven with 
blows from the house. On reaching manhood, ho 
became a Quaker preacher. For this he was often 
imprisoned. His brethren were also much persecuted. 
Wishing to get a secure retreat for them, ho obtained 
(1681) from Charles II. the grant of Pennsylvania. The 
charter constituted William Penn and his heirs " true 
and absolute proprietaries of the province of Pennsyl- 
vania, saving to the Crown their allegiance and the 
sovereignty." lie and his deputies, with the consent 
of the freemen, were to make the laws. 

Peace and Liberty. 

2. Penn sent over his first colony in 1G81. They 
settled on the Delaware, just above the mouth, of the 
Schuylkill. The Swedish and Dutch settlers on the 
west bank of the Delaware were assured that their 



1. By whom was Pennsylvania founded? With what deBiirn? Give an 
account of Penn. Wlicu did he obtain hie grant from fharles II.? Whaidid 
it counlitute him and Inn heirs? 

2. When and where did the flr(<t colony settle ? Did they And any pcttlern 
there before tliem? Of wlint did Penn a^'^'^^re tlienir Wlien did I'emi 
arrive V WImt did he ninUe known in an n^'!'enlbly of the people? Wlmt 
relations with tlie Indiana did he e»tHl>li«li? What is i»aid of the condi- 
tion of the colony in KiW? When did I'enn brinj; over a new charter? 
How wa^ it received t What occurred iu 1101? 



1651.] F£JVNSYLVA]VJA AND DELAWARE. 47 

rights would be respected, wHile words of peace and 
kindness were sent to the Indians. In 1682, Penn 
with one hundred emigrants landed at New Castle. 
Soon afterwards he made known in an assembly of the 
peoj)le his intentions to institute a government perfectly 
free. This caused much joy. With the Indians he 
made a treaty under an elm-tree at Kensington. It 
was entered into without oath, and remained long un- 
broken. In 1683, he founded his capital, and called it 
Philadelphia {brotherly love). Thus blessed with peace, 
the land of Penn grew so rapidly that, in 1685, the 
province contained twenty settlements, and Philadelphia 
two thousand inhabitants. In 1684, Penn went -away 
to England and did not return until 1699. In the mean- 
time he had suffered much from persecution. He 
brought with him a new charter for his people. It 
was gladly received by all but those occupying the 
then lower counties on the Delaware, who chose fi'om 
this time to have an independent government of their 
own (1701). 

Settlement op Delaware. 

3, The first permanent settlement in Delaware was 
made by some Swedes under Peter Minuits (1638). 
They bought a tract of land and built Fort Christiana, 
near the present site of Wilmington. The Dutch, on 
Manhattan, viewed this settlement with jealousy. In 
1651, they built a fort within five miles of Christiana, 
This was soon attacked and destroyed by the Swedes. 
A war now broke out between the two colonies, and it 



:i. Where and when wae the first permanent settlement made in Dela- 
ware ? Who were jealons of this colony ? What occurred iu Kiul ? What 
was the result of the war? Into whose hands did the colony pass in 1(564 ? 
Into whose in 1GS2? 



48 HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. [10«:i. 

ended in the conipleto conquest of the Swedes (1654). 
Ten years afterwards (16G4), it passed with the Nether- 
lands into the hands of tlie Duke of York, who in 1682 
rele:i!?ed to Penn his claim to it. 

Mason and Dixon's Line. 

4, For a long time disputes arose about the dividing 
line between Maryland and Pennsylvania. This was 
at length determined by Mason and Dixon, two sur- 
veyors chosen for the purpose. The line they run is 
celebrated as being the division line of what were once 
known as the Free and Slave States. Penn's example 
of moderation was followed by his people, and Pennsyl- 
vania increased rapidly in wealth and population. 



CHAPTER VI. 

THE CAROLINAS AND GEOitaiA. 



SECTION I. 
Settlement op North Carolina. 

1, The French under Coligny and the English under 
Raleigh made no permanent settlement in the Caro- 
LiNAs. About 1G45, a party of Virginians settled in 
the region north of Albemarle Sound. There, governing 
themselves, they lived in peace and ^^lenty. In 1663, 

•I. By whom \v(ib the boinidnry lino between Marylnnd and Pennsylvania 
ran? Of wlmt StuirH wiin iliis uftiTWiirdH the division line? Wub Pcun's 
exniuplf fullowi'd l>v liir. ixuplc 'f With what result? 

1. What occurred in Kiisy What Kraut was olilaincd from the Kiiicr in 
Ifiti.'!? liy whom? TliroUL'li thin diartur wliat did tlic ProjirietiirleH claim y 
What did Itcrkelevdo? Why did the colouifie hrcak oiii in open revolt^ 
When WUH the tlrk Ae^'i'inhly convoked? Uy wliom? Wliat is taid ot 
Locke's CouBlltutionl' What other county was formed now? 



1683.] NORTH CAROLINA. 49 

Lord Clarendon and others obtained from the Kino- a 
grant of the region between the 31st and 36th degrees 
of north latitude. By virtue of this charter, the Pro- 
prietai'ies claimed jurisdiction over the settlers on Albe- 
marle Sound. William Berkeley, one of the patentees, 
Governor of Virginia, was authorized to take care of 
them. He visited the colony, and, instituting a civil 
government, put William Drummond at the head of it. 
The colonists wanted to hold their lands on the same 
tenure as they w^ere held in Virginia. This was at first 
refused by the Proprietaries, and the people broke out 
in open revolt. This state of things continuing for two 
years, their petition was granted, and a new Constitu- 
tion given them. In 1669, Governor Stephens convoked 
the first Assembly under this Constitution. Shortly 
after this, another Constitution, framed by Locke, the 
philosopher, was sent over. It was found totally in- 
applicable, and was soon abandoned. Meantime, some 
settlers on Cape Fear river were formed into a separate 
county, called Clarendon, and North Carolina was 
divided into two counties. 

Civil Discord. 

2. In 1677, the people, dissatisfied with the Govern- 
ment, rose in revolt and imprisoned the Proprietaiy 
officers. John Culpepper, the leader of the rebels, con- 
trolled aff'airs for two years. At the end of that time 
he was sent to England and tried for high treason, but 
was acquitted. For several years the colony governed 
itself In 1683, Seth Sothel, one of the proprietors, 

2. When and why did the people rise in revolt? Who now controlled 
affairs? Wh.at became of him? Give an account of the rule of bothcl. 
When was he banished? 



50 niSTORT OF TUE UNITED STATES. [1712:. 

was apjx)intcd Governor, He pillaged the colonists and 
cheated his proprietary associates. After six yeai'S of 
suftering, the people again rose and deposed him. At 
his own request ho was tried by the Assembly, and 
banished forever (1G88). 

Condition op Early Settlers. 

3. North Carolina was settled by the "freest of the 
free," Careless of sects, colleges, or lawyers, they en- 
joyed liberty of conscience and personal independence. 
Without cities or townships, without roads, the early 
settlers lived scattered in lonely farms ; but with- 
out care and without restraint. The first church was 
built in 1705, the first court-house in 1722, and the first 
printing-press was established in 1754. 

War with the Tuscaroras. 

4, Sothol was succeeded by Philip Ludwell. The 
colony grew ; and in 1712 its great prosperity excited 
the jealous fears of the Tuscarora Indians. A general 
massacre was plotted, and twelve hundred warriors en- 
tered into a secret league to execute it. At the ap- 
pointed time, the savages entered the houses of the 
planters, and slew men, women, and children. At Ro- 
anoke alone, one hundred and thirty-seven of the set- 
tlers were butchered. Some escaping spread the alarm, 
and the remaining settlements prepared for defence. 
To the appeal for aid, the colony of South Carolina 



S. What waB thn character of the early ecttlors? What was thelrmodo 
of life? When wan the liict chnroh built? The first coiirt-hoHBC? 

4. Who succeeded Sotliel? What wat* the cause of the war with the 
Tupcarorasf Give an aecount of the aUempt at a ucncral macnacro. Who 
bron^'ht aid from South L'aruliua ? What did he do ? What bvcamo of the 
TuccaroraB? 



1670.] SOUTH CAROLINA. 51 

quickly responded. Colonel Barnwell, with six hun- 
dred militia and three hundred and sixty Indians (1712), 
came to their relief. Chasing the savages for two hun- 
dred miles through the wilderness, he overtook them 
and inflicted a bloody defeat. Shortly afterwards, they 
suffered another defeat. Disheartened, the Tuscaroras 
migrated northwards, and united with the Five Nations, 
making the sixth of that confederacy. 

The Colony Becomes a Koyal Province. 

S, Until 1729, North and South Carolina remained 
under the same Proprietaries, but with different govern- 
ments. In 1729, the Proprietaries sold their rights to 
the King. After that, the colonies were completely 
separated. The first Eoyal Governor of North Caro- 
lina was George Barrington. At first, from civil discord, 
the colony grew slowly. In 1694, there were only 
seven hundred and eighty-nine names on the list of 
taxable inhabitants. In 1710, the whole population 
was six thousand. Debts wei'e generally paid in hides, 
tallow, and other productions. In 1775, the number of 
inhabitants was estimated at two hundred and fifty 
thousand. 



SECTION II. 

South Carolina : First Settlement (1670.) 

1. The first permanent settlement in South Carolina 
was made under the conduct of Eobert Sayle, in 1670, 



5. Until what time were the Carolinas nnder the same Proprietaries? 
"What occurred then? Who was the first Eoyal Governor ? What was the 
condition of the colony in 1094? In 1710? In 17J5? 

1. When, where, and by whom was the first permanent settlement made 
in South Carolina? Who was the John Smith of the colony? What plan 
of government did they at first adopt ? With what success ? 



52 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1673. 

at Port Eoyal. With Sayle camo Joseph West, who 
was the Jolni Smith of the colony. The colonists were 
disposed to give the grand model of Locke a fair trial. 
They brought it with them and tried liard to thrive ac- 
cording to the plan it marked out, but they soon had to 
abandon it. 

Spanish IIostility. 

2. In 1G71, settlers along the banks of the Ashley 
and Cooper rivers had old Charleston as their trading 
centre. In 1G80, the capital was removed to the site 
of the present city of Cuauleston. The prosperity 
of the colony excited the jealous hostility of the Span- 
iards at St. Augustine. They tampered with the ser- 
vants and stirred up the neighboring Indians to murder. 
The activity of their emissaries was not in vain. An 
insurrection broke out, and the Indians apprmuhcd in 
strength. The Spaniards hastened to lend a helping 
hand. Accident and the promptness of the Governor 
saved the infixnt State. A war at home stopped the 
Indians, while the Spanish column, hearing that a force 
was coming to meet it, beat a hasty retreat 

Immigration from New Netherlands and France, 

3, The conquest of New Netherlands by the English 
caused many of the ]Iollanders to emigrate. In 1G73, 
several companies of Dutch immigrants arrived in South 
Carolina; and in a few years quite a settlement of 



2. What settloinpnts hnd old Charleston as their trade centre In IfiTl ? 
When wan the cniiitiil removed y What excited the hostility of the Span- 
iards? What did they do to make trouble? Wlial did tluy effect? Dow 
was* tlie iiieiirrectioii Hiipprei'i'id? 

:t. What eaiiced niaiiv Ilollaiidern to emitrrato from New Netherlands? 
What occurnd in W'W^ Wliat followed the revoaition of the Kdiet of 
NanttB ? Mow were they received? What won for Iheoi the goodwill of 
the EnKliab? 



1702. SOVTR CAROLINA. 53 

them was established on the Ashley river. The revoca- 
tion of the "Edict of Nantes " (1685) caused many of 
the French Protestants to emigrate to Carolina. The 
numbers and wealth of the strangers excited the envy 
of the colonists. For some time they were denied the 
rights of free-born Englishmen. Soon, their mildness 
and patience won the good-will of all, and they were 
admitted to a share of the franchises of the other 
planters. 

Yemasee War. 

4r. In 1715, the Yemasee attacked the settlements. 
At the first onset, ninety persons were massacred. The 
Carawbas, Cherokees and Creeks now took part in the 
contest, and fully seven thousand Indian braves threat- 
ened the colony. Governor Craven, with a force of 
one thousand two hundred men, advanced to meet them. 
A battle was fought, the Indians were defeated, and 
the survivors driven into Florida. 

Condition of the Colony. 

5. South Carolina now gradually increased in wealth 
and population. For awhile, her settlements were 
near the seaboard. When the fertility of her interior 
lands was discovered, immigration poured in from the 
more northern provinces. Rice was introduced in 1698, 
and its culture soon became a great source of wealth. 
Cotton was planted as early as 1702 ; but not much at- 
tention was paid to it till the invention of the eotton- 

4. What occurred in 1715 ? What tribes took part iu the contest? By 
whom were they defeated, and what hccanie of tlie tnrvivore ? 

5. Wliat part of the territory was first settled? Wlten did immigrants s.0 
into the interior? When was rice introduced? When was cotton planted ? 
When was much attention given to it ? 



64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 11738. 



gin. In 1776, the population of the colony reached 
248,000. 



SECTION III. 
Georgia : First Settlement (1733). 

1, Georgia was settled long after the Carolinas. The 
Spaniards of Florida, who claimed the country, were 
BO near, and the native Indians bo warlike, that emi- 
grants were afraid to go there. The first settlement 
was made under the leadership of General Ogle- 
thorpe, at Savannah, in 1733. Oglethorpe was an 
accomplished soldier and statesman, and a sincere friend 
of humanity. To him and other trustees, George II. had 
granted, for a term of j^ears, the region between the 
Savannah and Altamaha rivers. AYith the design of 
securing homes for the suffering English poor, the grant 
had been ol)lained ; and, to cany out the project, money 
had been raised by contribution in England. 

Treaty with the Indians. 

2. After landing, and building a fort, Oglethorpe set 
to work to win the good-will of the Indians. Ho told 
them he canic, not to take, but to buy, homes for liis 
people. The Creek Indians, pleased with his modera- 
tion, entered into a treaty with him, and became his 
fiist friends. Soon after the conclusion of this treaty, 
Oglethorpe returned to England, taking witii him the 
King and Queen of the Creeks. 

1. Why was It eo long before Georgia wns seltled ? Who was Oglethorpe? 
What did ho do? What wan granted to him and other trustees by Gcorgo 
III ? For what purpose ? 

2. What did 0;,'k'thorpc flrpt do? What kind of a treaty with the Indiana 
did he inaku ': 



8742.3 9B0R0IA. 55 

More Immigrants Arrive. 

3. In the following year, more English paupers ar- 
rived. It began to appear that a different kind of 
population was needed. In 1735, a large body of Ger- 
mans and Scotch Highlanders ari'ived. In the following 
year came John Wesley, the celebrated Methodist 
divine ; about this time also GtEORGE Wiiitepield. 
Through his efforts, means were raised to build an 
Orphan Asylum at Savannah. The early settlers were 
indeed various. Among the wretched whom English 
charity sent over, there must, of course, have been 
many vicious persons. 

Wars with the Spaniards. 

4. Oglethorpe built several forts along the banks of 
the Savannah. He feared the Spaniards. They sent 
him word to take his people north of St. Helena Sound. 
He refused, and went to England for advice and assist- 
ance. He returned in command of six hundred men 
for the frontier defence of Georgia and South Carolina. 
During his absence, the Spaniai'ds had tried to detach 
from him the Creeks, but without success. Ogle- 
thorpe was now ready, and he determined to strike the 
first blow. In 1740, with some force, he marched 
against St. Augustine. Two forts were taken, and 
St. Augustine was held for some time in a state 
of siege, but nothing was gained. In 1742, the Span- 
iards took the field with 3000 men. It was their inten- 



3. What is' said of the pauper immigrants? Who came in 1735 ? What 
did Whitefield do? 

4. Whj' did ttglethorpe bu'ld several forts ? Where did he get assistance? 
What Indians did the Spaniards try to detach from him? Give an accomit 
of his first campaign against ihem. What occurred in 1743? How was 
danger averted? Give an account of the subsequent life of Oglethorpe. 



50 niSTORT OF THE UNITED STATES [17 H». 

tion, after destroying the settlements on the Savannah, 
to proceed against the Carolinas and Yiri^inia. The 
movement was so sudden that for a wliile the fate of 
Georgia hung in the balance. There was no time to 
get assistance from the Carolinas, and Oglethorpe had 
to rely upon his own resources. With seven hundred 
whites and a large body of Indian allies, ho advanced 
to meet the foe. By a most adroit stratagem he led 
the Spanish commander to think that if ho came up 
with him, the Spaniards would all bo taken. "Whereupon 
he set fire to the fort he occupied, and fled so hastily 
that a number of cannon fell into the hands of 0<rle- 
thorpe. Thus was the colony saved by the genius of 
Oglethorpe. After the retreat of the Spaniards, he 
returned to England. In 1775, ho was offered the 
command of the British forces in America, lie de. 
clined the honor. He died in 1785, two years after 
Georgia had gained her independence. 

Civil Government. 

6. From the first, the colony increased rapidly in num- 
bers ; still it was not prosperous. ITnder the charter, 
negro slavery was prohibited. The introduction of rum 
was forbidden. But slave labor seemed indispensable; 
so George Whitcficld thought. The trustees listened to 
no complaint. In 1740, they made a report in which it 
appeared that 2500 emigrants had been sent over, 
8500,000 had been expended, and yet the colony was 
not self-supporting. The military tenure by which the 
settlers held their land was another cause of slow 



.5. Did the colony Increase rapidly in nnmbcre ? Why did It not profiper ? 
What report was made in 1710? ^^*hat wub unutlier cause of i^low f,'rosvth? 
When did the diuButiufactiou ccauo t What laws were repealed 1 



1658.] NKW ENGLAND. 57 

growth. There was much dissatisfaction, until the 
charter was given uj) to the Crown, and the inhabitants 
were jDermitted to enjoy the rights pertaining to the 
citizens of other colonies. The laws in regard to 
slaves and rum were now repealed, and Georgia set 
forward rapidly in the path of progress. 



CHAPTER VII. 

NEW ENGLAND. 

New England CoNrEDERACY. 

1, The New England colonies in 1643 could boast of 
a population of 20,000. Being threatened by the Dutch 
on one side and the French andlndians on the other, they 
entered into a league, for mutual protection, under the 
name of "■ The United Colonies of New England." 
The general interests of the union were to be entrusted 
to a Board of Commissioners consisting of two from 
each colony. The confederacy lasted for nearly fiily 
yearS; and was of great benefit to New England. 

The Eegicides and Charles II. 

2. The death of Cromwell (1658) was a sad blow to 
the Puritans. The people of New England admired 
and loved him, the Marylanders feared him, and the 

1. What was the popnlation of New England in 1643? Give an account 

of the New England Confederacy. How long did it last? 

3. Why was the death of Cromwell a gad blow to the Puritans? Who 
were Whaloy and Gofi'e ? How were ihey treated in New Enaland? Did 
Charles, upon ascending the throne, keei) his pronn'se to tlio New England 
colonies ? What was one of the conditions upon which amnesty' was 
granted f 

4* 



58 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATKH. [1675. 

Virginians hated him as the enemy of their Church and 
King. In 1000, Whulcy and Golle, members of tlie 
court that had condemned the King to death, arrived 
in Boston. They travelled through the colony unmo- 
lested, and were kindly treated. In the meantime 
Charles II. began his reign. Hearing that the regi- 
cides were in !Ne\v England, he sent an order for their 
arrest ; but they were not taken. Soon after his acces- 
sion to the tlirone, Charles had promised to the New 
England colonies a confirmation of their civil and reli- 
gious liberty. In 1662, the agents of Massachusetts 
returned from England, bringing a letter from the King 
confirming the colonial charter, and granting amnesty 
to all who had not been attainted of high treason. His 
clemency was coupled with conditions. One of these 
was that the Church of Eiighuid should be tolerated- 

Kino Puilip's War (1675). 

3. About the j-ear 1675, a conspiracy was entered 
into by the Indians to destroy the English. Of thie 
Kino Philip was said to be the head. Sassamon, ai)- 
Indian preacher, revealed the secret, and was murdered 
by Philip. Hostilities soon began. Nearly all of the 
New England tribes joined Philip, and the frontiers wit- 
nessed many desperate fights. *' The laborer in the 
field, the reapers as they went forth to harvest, men 
as they went to mill, the shepherd boy among the 
sheep, were shot down by skulking foes." The Indian 
country was invaded, and a terrible blow inflicted. 
One by one Philip's allies were slain or conquered. 

:i. What conepirftry was entered Into about 1675 ? Who was killed by 
Pliilii) for revealing the (^ec^etf Who joined Philip? What was the 
(luuacler of the war? How did it end? What beeamc of his wife? 



1693.] NEW ENGLAND. 59 



With but a remnant, he fought on. At last his wife 
and son were taken, and the latter transported to Ber- 
muda and sold as a slave. "My heart breaks," said 
the chief; " now I am ready to die." Soon afterwards 
he was surrounded in a swamp and killed. His death 
virtually ended the war. 

Charters Lost and Gtained. 

4. In a controversy with the Crown, Massachusetts 
lost her charter (1684). Andros, the despotic Governor 
of New England and New York, took away the charters 
of Rhode Island and Connecticut. "When news of the 
abdication of James II. reached Boston, Andros was 
seized, imprisoned, and finally sent home for trial (1689). 
King William allowed the two States to resume their 
charters. A new one was granted to Massachusetts 
(1692), in which was reserved to the Crown the right 
of appointing the Governor and all military officers. 
Religious toleration also was required for all but Papists. 

Salem Witchcraft. 

5. The Quakers and witches were frequently objects 
of persecution in New England. As early as 1646, 
rcitches had been tried. Excitement upon the subject 
occurred from time to time, but during the administra- 
tion of Sir William Phipps (1692), it reached a point of 
fury that threatened the very life of the colony (Mas- 



4. When did Massachusetts lose her charter? Who took away the char- 
ters of Rhode Island aud Connecticut? Uow was Andros treated in 16S9? 
What did Kiu? William do? 

."). What is said of the early perscctition of ■witches in New England? 
What occurred during the administration of Sir William Phipps? Give an 
account of the pio^ress of the delusion? Uow many lives were destroyed ? 
Was much suflering caused by it? Were the leading instigators punished ? 



60 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1748. 



saehnsetts). It first broke out at tlio house of Mr. 
PtiL-ris, minister of Salem. Two cliililrcn, little girls, 
were strangely attected. The Indian servant was ac- 
cused of bewitching them. She was whipped until she 
acknowledged the charge. Others were accused; the 
alarni spread, and the occasion was seized to gratify 
private animosities. Twenty persons were hung, and 
many more were imprisoned and tortured. At last, a re- 
action took place, and the trials ceased; but the leading 
prosecutors went unpunished. 

Capture op Louisburo. 

6. During the war with France, called Kixr; George's 
War, an expedition was fitted out for the capture of 
Louisburg. This was the principal fortress of the 
French, and was on the island of Cape Breton. It was 
the hiding-place of the privateers that took the fishing 
vessels of the New Englanders, and was indeed the 
bulwark of the French power in Canada. Colonel 
Pepperel, with a large force from the New England 
colonies, laid siege to the place and took it (1745). 
When the surrender was known in France, a heavy 
naval force was sent to retake it. The fleet was pre- 
vented by storms and other causes from eftecting any- 
thing. Two 3'ears afterwards (1748), Louisburg, by 
the treaty of Aix-la-Chapello, was restored to the 
French. 

6. Whftt and where wns Louinburfr? Why was it a place of importance? 
When and by whom whh it taken y Wan any efl'ort nmde liy the i'rcuch to 
recover it? Whcu and why was it rcBtored to the French t 



/ 
1673.] MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. ("J 

CHAPTER VIIL 

THE MISSISSIPPI AND OHIO VALLEYS. 
SECTION I. 

Discoveries in the "West. 

1. For some time after the establishment of English 
settlements in America, the colonists thought that the 
South' Sea was just beyond the mountains; though 
nearly one hundred yeai's previous, Spanish adventurers 
had crossed the wilderness, and stood upon the banks 
of the Mississippi. The English first heard of the in- 
terior of the continent from the French missionaries. 
These were Jesuits, who, with a desire of converting 
the heathen Indians around the northern lakes, wan- 
dered far beyond the haunts of civilized man into 
the country of the savages. Foremost of these was 
Marquette. He heard of the Mississippi through 
the Sioux Indians, and, taking Joliet, another priest, 
with him, he set out in search of it. Embarking in two 
canoes (1673), they coasted the northern shore of Lake 
Michigan, and entered Green Bay. The Indians whom 
they questioned on their way said that the river was in 
a region of intolerable heat, and the road to it was 
guarded by fierce monsters. The Frenchmen went on, 
and, descending the Wisconsin, soon beheld the Missis- 
sippi ("father of waters"). Floating with the stream 
until reaching the mouth of the Arkansas, they thence 
ascended the river and returned to Green Bay. 



1. Where did the first Enjilish settlers think the Sonth Sea was? How 
long before this had the Mississipj)! been discovered? From whom did the 
English first hear of the Mississippi valley ? Give an account of the journey 
of Marquette. 



62 history of tue united states. w%99. 

La Salle. 

2, In 1678, Louis XIV., of France, issued a commis- 
sion to La Salle to make explorations in the West. 
He embarked on Lake Ontario in a sail-boat. The boat 
was soon lost, but he continued the journey in canoes. 
Meeting with many misfortunes, he at last gave up, 
and returned before he reached the Mississippi. A 
Jesuit named Hennepin, with a small party, pushed on, 
and succeeded in reaching the great river. Encouraged 
by his account. La Salle tried again, and was successful. 
He explored the Mississippi to its mouth, where he took 
possession of the country in the name of his royal 
master, calling it after him Louisiana. Returning to 
France, he gave an account of his success, and was 
empowered by the King to conduct a colonizing party 
through the Gulf of Mexico to Louisiana. He crossed 
the ocean and traversed the Gulf, missing the mouth of 
the Mississippi. Landing in Texas, he set out by land 
in search of the *' hidden river." Reaching Mexico, he 
changed his course, determined, if necessary, to go for- 
ward till Canada was reached. His men, maddened by 
despair, murdered him, and abandoned the attempt 
(1683). 

Louisiana — First Settlement. 

3, In order to get ahead of the Spaniards, who 
claimed the country, the French King (1699) sent out 
another party of colonists under D'Iberville. He made 



2. What commUslon wno issncd to La Salle ? Give an acconnt of his flrat 
atrcmpt Who went on aiui ro ichcd the ijrcfit river ? Give a'l account of 
La Sall<-"8 fccond expfditiou. Of hie third. Whm was he murdered? 

S When and b.v wliom wa^* Ulhervillc pent? With what deeitrn ? 
Where did he iiiakea «etllen>ent ? Wlial was the uauiber of cohuiistB on tho 
Mis^^iseiippi in 1717? Wliat retarded the progress of tho colonics r Whcu 
was New Orlcaua laid out? 



1736. MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 63 

a settlement and established a station where Natchez 
now stands. Soon other settlements were made, and 
in 1717, the number of colonists on the Mississippi 
reached seven hundred. For a while, however, the 
colonies were controlled by speculators in search of 
gold ; and hence they grew slowly. In 1718, New 
Orleans was laid out, and so called from the Duke 
of Orleans. Soon afterwards agriculture was encour- 
aged, the culture of tobacco, indigo, and rice was intro- 
duced, and crops were raised for exportation. 

Chickasaw War. 

4. Until 1729, there Avas uninterrupted peace with 
the Indians. But the Natchez, a neighboring tribe, 
becoming uneasy at the increase of the whites, sur- 
prised the fort and slew the inmates, sparing the women 
and children and two mechanics. To avenge this 
atrocity, in the following year a force from New 
Orleans attacked and almost destroyed the Natchez. It 
was then discovered that the Chickasawshad set on the 
Natchez. In 1736, an attempt was made to punish the 
savage mischief-makers. Forces from all the settle- 
ments on the river were to meet in the Chickasaw 
country at a given time. Those from the North under 
D'Artaquette, the Governor of Illinois, were the first 
to arrive. Without waiting for the others, he advanced 
against the saVages. He found them strongly posted 
behind lines of fortifications. The first two lines were 
carried by storm, but the third resisted every effort. 



4. How long was peace nnbrokcu? When was blood first spilt? Who 
had Institrated the massacre? Wiiat was attempted iu 1736? What forces 
were to as^semble ? Give au accoutit of the defeat of D'Artaquette. Who 
arrived five days afterwards? What did he do ? 



64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES [17*8. 

The Indian allies fled, and D'Artaquotte and his men 
fell into the hands of the victors. Five days after- 
wards Bienville arrived with a force from New Orleans. 
It was too late. The savages had strengthened their 
position. Foiled in every effort to dislodge them, he 
threw his cannon into the river and started for homo. 
In 1739, another attempt was made, but nothing was 
accomplished. At last, a peace was concluded which 
remained unbroken until 17G2. 



SECTION IL 
The AppaoACH of War. 

1. The treaty of Aixla-Chapelle (1748) left the 
boundaries between the British and French possessions 
in America still undefined. The French had made 
settlements and erected forts from Canada to New 
Orleans. Through their Jesuit missionaries they had 
made treaties with most of the Indian tribes in this 
region. The English colonists grailuallj' awoke to a 
sense of the impending danger, and, with feelings of 
growing hostility, wanted but a pretext to begin the 
contliet. This was soon furnished. 

Seizure op an English Post. 

2. The Ohio Company had obtained from the King a 
grant of land on and near the Ohio rivei*. For the pur- 



1. Did the troatv of Aix-lft-Chapf>lle determine tho bonnilarics between 
the Briiish and I'reiich po'i^c-fioiiH in America? Where had the French 
erected a line of fortn ? How wan this reirarded by the KncMwh ? 

2. What had tho Kin? pninted to the Ohio ("oinj)any 1 Wliat occurred In 
1752? What ineseagc did Diuwiddic scud to the French commander ? Who 
bore the meesaRo ? How old was Washiugto.i then? Whose attention had 
lie already attracted ? 



1753.] MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 65 

pose of carrying on a fur trade with the Indians and 
settling the country, trading jDOsts had been established 
in that region. One of these was broken up (1752) by 
the French, and the traders found there were carried 
into captivity. When Dinwiddie, the Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor of Virginia, learned this, he sent a message to the 
French commander, demanding a withdrawal of his 
men from the territory of Virginia. George Washing- 
ton was chosen to bear the message. At that time he 
was not twenty-two years of age, but he had already 
attracted the attention of the leading men in Virginia. 
At the age of nineteen he had been appointed Adjutant- 
General, and in this capacity had won golden opinions. 

Washington's Journey and First Fight. 

3. On the 31st of October, 1753, Washington set out 
on his perilous journey. Through many difficulties he 
finally reached W aterford, and delivered his message to 
the French commander. St. Pierre replied that he was 
acting under orders, and intended to seize every Eng- 
lishman within the valley of the Ohio. Washington 
saw that the French were making preparations for the 
spring campaign. The answer of St. Pierre and his 
warlike preparations demanded prompt action. By 
Washington's advice, thirty-three laborers were sent 
to build a fort at the present site of Pittsburg. Before 
it was half done a French force arrived and took pos- 
session. Washington was then on his way with a small 
party to protect the workmen. Hearing of the capture 

3. Whcu difi Washinj^ton set ont on his journey V AVhnt was the reply of 
St. Pierre'/ Wlial dumaiided prompt actiou ? To v hat point were laborers 
teut to build a fort? What did the French do ? Uow did Washiugtou anti- 
cipate the foe? 



66 UISTUliY OF THE VNITED STATES. [1751. 

of the place, and also that a French party was seeking 
him, he deterniinod to strike the first blow. Coming 
upon thcui uiKiwures, ho killed or captured all but one. 

FiGUT AT Great Meadows. 

4. Thence, falling back to a half finished fort in the 
Great Meadoxcs, he there awaited a largo force of tho 
enemy advancing. Before they arrived there, ho com- 
pleted his fort, calling it Fort Necessity. Upon arriv- 
ing, the French assailed furiously his stockade defence. 
Greatly outnumbered, "Washington fought for ten hours. 
Next morning he capitulated and marched out with tho 
honors of war. 



CHAPTER IX. 

THK FRENCU AND INDIAN WAB. 

SECTION I. 

Preparations for Conflict. 

1, No British flag now waved west of the AUegha- 
nies. It was necessary for the English colonists to bo 
up and doing. A meeting of delegates from Virginia 
and the colonies north of the Potomac was held at 
Albany (1754) to doviso a plan of union. The one 
adopted suited neither tho British Ministiy nor tho 
colonial Assemblies. It was now determined that the 
war should bo carried on with British troops, the 



-1 What fort dJd he build on the Great Meadows ? For what purpose ? 
How lous did Washington defend the fort ? Upon what terms did he sur- 

1 What steps were taken hv tho EncHsh colonies for defence ? How was 
the'plan of union lilted by the Briiish Ministry ? How was it dctcrmiaed to 
carry on the war t 



I'S'SS.] FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 67 

colonies assisting in the way each thought best. In 
the spring of 1755, Gen. Braddock was sent to take 
charge of the Eoj^al forces. Upon consultation with 
the colonial Governors, it was determined to strike 
the enemy at several points. 

Braddock's Defeat (1755), 

2. The French had built a strong fort at the junction 
of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, and called 
it Fort Duquesne. Against it an army marched, com- 
manded by Braddock. With great skill, he conducted 
his column through the mountain wilderness. Wash- 
ington, his aide-de-camp, cautioned him to send men 
ahead to scour the woods, but Braddock would not heed 
the warning. When within eight miles of the hostile 
post, he fell into an ambush. His working parties were 
driven in, and an unseen foe poured a deadly fire into 
his flanks. The Eegulars, unaccustomed to such a mode 
of fighting, broke and fled. "The Virginia Rangers 
alone retained their presence of mind." Braddock was 
wounded, and Washington was left with the Rangers 
to save the army from destruction. Of two thousand 
men, seven hundred and seventy-four were lost. Four 
days after the battle, Braddock died. The news of this 
disaster excited alarm throughout America. The 
Indians, flushed with victory, would now ravage the 
border. Braddock was to have aided Governor Shirley, 
who led an expedition against Niagara. His defeat 
diminished Shirley's strength and disheartened his men. 

2. Against what point did Braddock lead a column ? With what success 1 
What was the cause of h:s defeat? What had Washiuctou advised him to 
do? What was the extent of Braddock's loss? Who saved the remnaut of 
his army ? How was the news of this disaster received throughout America? 
Why? What did Shirley expect to do? What did he do? 



68 JIISTOIiY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1.1757. 



After reaching Oswego, and rebuilding the fort there, 
the column withdrew and returned to Albany. 

Expedition against Crown Point (1755). 

3. Gen. Johnson, with three thousand four hundred 
men, marched against the French fort at Crown Point. 
Upon reaching the southern shore of Lake George, ho 
waited for stores and artillery. Meantime, Dicskau, 
with a force of French and Indians, approached. Col. 
Williams, with a small body, was sent to meet him. 
Williams Avas surprised, and hence easily beaten. Dics- 
kau pursued, but upon reaching Johnson's camp ho was 
repulsed. Johnson did not follow up his victory. Ho 
merely erected Fort Williani Ilonr}'' and garrisoned it. 
On the approach of winter he disbanded the rest of 
his men. 

War Declared. 

4. Up to this time there was a nominal peace between 
France and England, though war had been raging for 
some time between their colonies. In May, 1756, war 
was formally declared. Lord Loudoun was appointed 
Governor-General of the English colonies (1756). Little 
was attempted by him. Montcalm, the new French , 
Governor, took Fort OswegO (1756). 

Events of 1757. 

6. In June, Lord Loudoun, with a force of one thous- 
and men, started on an expedition against Louisburg, but 



S. Who attempted to take Crown Point? Whore did ho wait for ptoroB 
and arliliery ? Wliat happened while delayed there? Did ho follow up liis 
victory ? What did he do on the approach of winter? 

•1. Was tlierc yet u noniinal peaeu l)i't\vecii Fniifto and Ensjlaiid ? When 
was war formally di-elarcd ? What did Lord Loiidouu do f What placu was 
taken i)y Montcalm '! When ? 

5. What place did lyoudoun Ptnrt to take? With what piiccecs ? By 
whom wan Kort Williani Uenry taken? What is eaid of Gcu. Webb? How 
was onu of the terms of tfurreuiler violated? 



175S.] FBENUH AND INDIAN WAB. 69 

was so slow that he accomplished nothing. On the 2d of 
August, Montcalm, with six thousand French and one 
thousand seven hundred Indians, invested Fort William 
Henry. It was defended by Colonel Munroe, with two 
thousand two hundred men. Expecting aid from Gen. 
Webb at Fort Edward, only fourteen miles off, Munroe 
fought till half his guns were bursted and his ammuni- 
tion nearly exhausted. Webb, instead of sending aid, 
advised him, through a messenger, to surrender. This 
he was finally compelled to do. One of the terms of 
the surrender was a safe escort for the prisoners to Fort 
Edward. On their way there they were attacked by 
the Indian allies of the French, and nearly all of them 
massacred. 



SECTION II. 

Events of 1758. 

1, So many defeats forced a change of Ministry. 
William Pitt was put at the head of affairs. Lou- 
doun was recalled. The colonies were .assured that 
their war expenditures would be repaid, and that their 
officers should rank with British officers of the same 
grade. Confidence was restored, and soon General 
Abercrombie, Loudoun's successor, had an army of 
fifty thousand men. On the 20th of May, Louisburg 
surrendered to an English force under Amherst and 
Wolfe. An army of fifteen thousand men, under Howe, 
approached Fort Ticojideroga. While advancing in dis- 

1. What caused a change of Ministry ? Who was pnt at the head of 
affairs? What assurance did he frive the Amercans ? IJow large an array- 
was raised ? Wlieu and to whom did l/ouisburs surrender? Give au ac- 
count of the attempt upou Ticouderoga. VVliat expedition was conducted 
by Gen. Forbes ? What did he liuaily determine to do ? What did Washing- 
tdu do V 



70 UlUTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1759. 



order through the woods, a Bmall body of French sud- 
denly fell upon them. They were driven off, but Howe 
was killed. Abercrombie succeeded him in the com- 
mand. In a few days he assaulted the enemy's works, 
and, meeting with a bloody repulse, fell back to Albany. 
The third expedition, under Forbes, went against Fort 
Duqucsne. General Forbes attempted to cut a now 
road through the forest. This caused much delay. 
The Indians, too, harassed the march. So little pro- 
gress was made that it was thought best to give up the 
undertaking. Washington, however, got permission to 
go on with his Virginians. At his approach, the French 
set fii*e to the works and fled. AVashington called the 
post Fort Pitt; and, leaving a garrison there, ho re- 
turned to his native State. Shortly afterwards he was 
elected to the House of Burgesses, and was received 
there with distinguished honor. 

Capture op Ticonderoga and Niagara. 

2, The campaign of 1759 was commenced with tlie de- 
termination to expel the French power from Canada. In 
the campaign of the preceding year, the English force 
in America had gained considerable ground, while in 
other quarters of the globe the British had almost every- 
where triumphed over the French. In the opening of 
the campaign of 1759, General Amherst took Ticonde- 
ro<^a, meeting with very little resistance; while Colonel 
Johnson, on the 24th of July, after a bloody general 
battle, got possession of Niagara. 



2. With what detormliinHon wae the MitipaiinJ in 1759 commenced? 
What had hapiicued iu tlic preceding year? What place waa taken by Am- 
herBt? Wha% by Col. JoUubou f 



1759.3 fbench and indian war. 71 

Expedition against Quebec. 

3. Quebec up to this time, had proved impregnable. 
It was now commanded by the brave Montcalm, -who 
occupied a position below the town with a strong force, 
while troops to the number of ten thousand covei*ed 
the place from above. After several ineffectual attempts 
to reduce the place, Wolfe, the commander of the 
English expedition, determined, if possible, to take the 
heights of Abraham, which commanded the town. Se- 
crecy Avas necessary to insure success, as but a small 
number of men was needed to repel a force attempting 
the ascent of an almost perpendicular precipice, one 
hundred and seventy-five feet high. 

The Fall op Quebec. 

4, Under the cover of darkness, on the night of the 
12th of Septembei", the hazardous enterprise was com- 
menced. Embarking his army in boats, Wolfe dropped 
down the stream. The French sentinels on the bank 
challenged them as they passed, but answering in French 
they escaped discovery. Landing at the foot of the 
heights, the British ascended by a narrow path to the 
top, where a French guard was met and dispersed. As- 
sembling his forces now upon the elevated plain, Wolfe 
engaged with Montcalm, who, aware that a general en- 
gagement was inevitable, had hastened to meet him. 
Wolfe, though feeble from a recent attack of sickness, 
led on his men with great gallantry. At first he was 
wounded in the wrist; but, binding this with hishandker- 

3. Who commanded at Qnebec? Under wliat General was an attempt 
made to reduce the place? What plan was finally determined upon ? 

•1. What was attempted on the night of the 13tli of Scptcmhcr? How 
were the Heights of Abraham talien ? Give an account; of the battle. What 
was the behavior and late of the oppoBiug commanders? 



72 HISTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES. [I7."S7. 



chief, he continued the fight until struck down by a ball 
entering his groin. Montcalm behaved no less gallantly. 
lie was soon, however, mortally wounded, and fell fight- 
ing at the head of his men. llis second in command also 
fell, and the French began to retreat. The dying Wolfo 
was aroused by the cry, " They fly ! " " Who fly ? " ho 
asked. "The French," was the response. " Then," said 
he, " I die in peace," and expired. In five days after 
the battle the city surrendered. 

Close op the "War (1763). 

5. In 17G0, Montreal fell into the hands of the Eng- 
lish, and not long after all the French posts in Canada. 
This ended the war. Three years afterwards (1763), 
Nova Scotia, Canada, and the Isle of Cape Breton, and 
all other islands in the Gulf and near the St. Lawi'ence, 
were ceded to the British Crown. 



SECTION IIL 
Cherokee War. 

1. The Chorokecs, who dwelt in fair valleys near tho 
head-waters of the Savannah and Tennessee rivers, were 
ever the friends of the English. In 1757, they had vol- 
unteered to protect the frontier south of the Potomac. 
Yet, after winning honor in the service of the State, 
they would have returned unrewarded but for tho gen- 

5. When aid Montreal faU into the bauds of the English T What was 
ceded to the Britisih Crowu iu 17(>:i? 

I. Where did the Chtrokees dwell? Wore they friendly to tho Enclieh? 
How did tlu-y sliow Mt Wliiit wjih ttio cause of the Chcmlioo War? What 
piirt did hyilletuu lake in it? Who was aiuou;; tho militia asi-iiiihled at 
CouL'art'ci' 



1760.] FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 73 

erosity of Washington. In 1758, they bore an active 
part against the French, and being again neglected, 
tooli: what they needed on their way home. The Vir- 
ginian backwoodsmen, resenting this, caught and killed 
several " beloved men " of the Cherokees. Retaliation 
followed. An attempt at reconciliation was defeated 
by Lyttleton, Governor of South Carolina. Aconostata 
and the thirty honored Cherokees who came to secure 
peace were ill-treated. War now bi'oke out. Among 
the militia who assembled at Congaree was Francis 
Marion, as yet an untried soldier, " reserved and silent, 
small in stature and of slender frame." 

Invasion of the Cherokee Country. 

2. Colonel Montgomery, with a force of nineteen 
hundred men, entered the Cherokee country in June 
(1760). Little Keowee, an Indian village, was sur- 
prised, and nearly all the men were slain. The vale of 
Keowee, on the head-waters of the Savannah, was the 
delight of the Cherokees. Extending for twenty miles 
its fertile soil afforded abundant crops of maize and 
beans to the inhabitants of the villages which lined the 
sides of the adjacent hills. Every village within this 
lovely region was plundered and set on fire, while the 
Indians from the tops of the mountains stood gazing at 
the flames. 

Fall of Fort Loudoun. 

3. These moving westward, Montgomery continued 
his march. At Crow's Creek, in the valley of the Little 

2. When and by whom \v;x8 the Cherokee country invaded ? What was 
done at Little Keowee ? Wheie is the vale of Keowee? Describe it. What 
waB the fate of its Indian inhabitants? 

3. Give an account of the ambuscade in which Montgomery fell. Of the 
fall of Foft Loudoun and the fate of its garrison. When did the Cherokee 
War end? 

5 



74 BISTORT OF THE UNITED STATES [1764. 

Tennessee, he fell into an .ambush, and, after a loss of 
twenty killed and scveuty-six wounded, drove off the 
Indiana. His object was to relieve Fort Loudoun, on 
the Tennessee river, then in a state of siege. But from 
this point he retreated, and Fort Loudoun surrendered 
to the savages (Aug. 8., 1700). Of its garrison, twenty- 
three privates and lour otficers were butchered in cold 
blood, in revenge for an equal number of hostages 
slaughtered at Fort George; and the rest, nearly two 
hundred, were distributed among the tribes. In 17G1, 
another invasion of the Cherokee country took place. 
The savages now sued for peace ; and upon its return, 
the valley of the Tennessee was secured to the English. 

PoNTiAc's War. 

4, Though there was peace with the French, their 
old Indian allies did not despair of holding the valley 
of the Ohio. In 17G3, Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, got 
his own people to unite with the Miarais, Shawnees, and 
several other tribes, for the destruction of the English 
in the West. The whites were taken unawares, and 
many of the English posts were captured. At least 
one hundred traders were massacred, and twenty 
thousand persons in Western Virginia driven from 
their homes by fear of the savages. For some time 
the war continued. At last, divinions among the con- 
federate savages left Pontiac defenceless, and peace 
was concluded with twenty-two tribes (1764). Pontiac 
refused to sign the treaty, and tried to hatch another 
plot, but was stabbed at an Indian council. 



4. Who detcrminpd to drive the EnsH^h from the valley of the Ohio? 
What wfto cffccttd by l'onlii\c'» coiiffdoracy ? What made the wor boou 
cud? What bccumo of PoutlacJ When was peace coucluded with the 
Indlane? 



B£VI£!W QUESTIONS ON PART II. 75 



REVIEW QUESTIONS ON PART I. 

PAGE. 

1. Who discovered Amei-ica? 1 

2. Give an account of the early life of Columbus 2 

3. Who furnished him with vessels? 3 

4. Give an account of his first voyage 3-4 5 

5. Give an account of his other voyages 5 6 

6. How was he treated? 6 

7. Relatewhatissaidof the voyages of John and Sebastian Cabot..6 7 

8. Give an account of the discoveries of Jacques Cartier ,7 8 

9. Relate what is said of Ponce de Leon 9 

10. Who discovered the Pacific Ocean? 9 

11. What country did Cortez conquer? 10 

12. Give an account of the march of De Soto and his party TO 11 

13. Relate the history of the massacre of the French in Florida... 11 12 

14. Give an account of the attempts of Sir Walter Raleigh to found 

a colony 12-13 14 

15. Relate the history of the founding of Jamestown 14 

16. Give an account of Captain John Smith's early life 15 

17. Relate the history of the capture of Smith, and his salvation by 

Pocahontas 1&-17 18 

IS. Give an account of Smith's voyages of discovery „ 19 

19. State what you can about the colony of Virginia up to the de- 

parture of Smith 19-20 21 

20. Give an account of the abandonment of Jamestown and the re- 

storation of the colony 22 23 

21. State what is said of the marriage of Pocahontas and its effect 

on the colony 23 24 

22. When did the first House of Burgesses assemble? 24 

23. Give the history of the colony till the appointment of Berke- 

ley 24 25 

24. State what is said about slavery and the slave trade 25 

25. Give an account of the conduct of the colony during the civil 

war in England.. '. .' 26-27 28 

26. Give an account of Bacon's Rebellion 28-29 30 

27. What was the effect of the English Revolution of 1688 on the 

colony? 30 

28. Give an account of the Church Establishment in the colony 31 

29. Give an account of the settlement at Plymouth Rock 32 

30. Give an account of the settlement of Rhode Island ; 35 

31. Of Maine. Of New Hampshire. Of Connecticut 35 36 

32 Give an account of the Pequod War 30 37 

33. Give an account of the settlement of Maryland 38 

34. Give the history of Clayborne's rebellion 39 

35. What was the "Toleration Act "? 39 

36. State the condition of Maryland from 1660 to 1700 40 41 

37. Give an account of the first settlement of New York 41 42 



76 iiisTony of the united states. 

PAGE. 

88. Give the history of the conquest of New Netherlands 42 43 

39. Ctlve an account of tlie selllemcnt of Now Jersey _ 43 

40. State the condition of Now York in 1078 44 

41. What treaty was made by New York? For what purpo.se? 44 

42. Give an account of Loisler's rebellion 44 45 

43. Give an account of the massacre of Schenectady 45 

44. Of raptain Kldd 45 

4-5. Relate the early history of William Penn 46 

46 Give an account of the settlement of Pennsylvania 46 47 

47. Of the settlement of Delaware 47 48 

48. State the liistory of " Ma.son and Dixon's Line." 48 

49. Give an account of the settlement of North Carolina 48 49 

50. SUxte the condition of the early settlers 50 

51. Relate the history of the war with the Tuscaroras 50 51 

52. Give the history of North Carolina from ITif* to 1775 51 

53. Give an account of the settlement of Soutli Carolina 51 52 

51. How did the Spaniards attempt to injure the colony? 52 

55. What induced the Hollanders and French to cmi),'rate to South 

Carolina? 52 53 

56. Give the history of the Yemasee war 5:) 

57. What was introduced in 1«9«? In 1702? 53 

58. Give an account of the settlement of Georgia 54 55 

69. Of the wars with the Spaniards 55 56 

60. Of the civil government 56 57 

61. Why was a league made between the New England colonies?.... 57 

62. Give an account of the regicides 57 58 

63. Of King Philip's War .58 59 

&i. Give an account of the Salem witchcraft 59 60 

05. Describe the capture of Louisburg 60 

66. Give an account of Marijuette's explorations 01 

67. Of La Salle's 62 

08. Give an account of the flrst settlement of Louisiana 62 6.3 

69. Of the Chickasaw War , 03 6-1 

70. Where had the French erected fort.s? W 

71. What message was sent to the French commander, and by 

whom? 6.5 

72. Give an account of Wa.shlngton's Journey and flrst fight 6.5 66 

73. Relate the history of Braddoclc's campaign 07 

74. State the oven t-s of 17.57 OS PO 

75. State the events of 1758 69 70 

76. Give the history of the capture of Quebec 71 72 

77. What were ceiled to Great Hrltain by France? 72 

78. Give an account of the Cherokee War ". 72-73 74 

79. Give the history of I'outiac's War 74 



1765.] THE REVOLUTION. 77 



PART II„ 

FROM THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION TO THE ES- 
TABLISHMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

CHAPTER I. 

CAUSE AND COMMENCEMENT OF THE EEVOLUTION. 
SECTION I. 

Cause op the Eevolution. 

1. ITow that the French war had been finished, the 
people living in the American colonies began to grow 
restless under the government of Great Britain. They 
found that they could raise armies among themselves, 
and the victories they had gained proved that their 
soldiers were brave. They knew also that their land 
was rich, and immense in extent; tliat they had good 
harbors through which they could carry on their com- 
merce; and that they had plenty of good timber to 
build their ships with. Hence, the colonists did not 
wish to remain under the government of Great Britain 
any longer. They wanted to be free. This was the 
cause of the American Revolution. 

Great Britain Taxes the Colonies. 

2. Moreover, Great Britain was very unjust in her 
treatment of the colonies. She owed a great deal of 
money, — ■many millions of dollars, and she wanted to 



1. What did the colonists learn by the French AVar? What is said about 
their land? Their harbors? Ships? What was the chief causae of the 
American Revolution ? 

2. How was Great Britain unjust to the colonists? Did- she allow them 
to eeud representatives to Parliament ? 



78 UlSTORY OF Tub! UNITED STATES. I176.>. 



make the people in the colonies help to pay this debt. 
But she would not let the colonists elect men to go to 
Eni:;land and help to make the laws by which the 
people were to be governed. The colonists thou<fht it 
was unjust to tax them without allowing them to be 
represented in the Parliament which made the laws to 
govern the country. 

The Stamp Act is Passed (17G5). 

3, In order to make the Americans pay money to 
the Government, the Parliament, (the name of the 
body of men who meet at London and make laws to 
govern Great Britain) passed a law, in 17C5, called the 
Stamp Act. By this law the Americans were obliged 
to put a stamp on all their law papers, leases, bills of 
sale, &c., in order to make them of any legal value. 
This stamp was a small piece of paper, like our postage 
stamps, and had a crown printed on it. No one was 
allowed to sell these stamps except the ofBcers ap- 
pointed b}' the British Government, and in this way 
Parliament expected to make the colonists pay them 
money, 

YiROiNiA Opposes the Stamp Act. 

4. The House of Burgesses of Virginia was the first 
to oppose the Stamp Act. Patrick Henry, one of the 
most celebrated orators and patriots that ever lived 
offered a resolution, that no one had a right to tax the 
people of Virginia except the General Assembly of the 

a. Whnt 1b the Hnrlininoiit ? What Act did PnrliamiMit psget Whcu? 
How (lid tills Act tax the Anicricaiis? What was tliiK ciuiiip r 

■I. Whlcli coloiij- tlrr^l oiipoi-cd this Stimip Act ? Who was Patrick Ilciiry ? 
What roooluiioii did ho oiler 1" Did the lloubc of lliirfjcBfCB paes It* Tell 
what Patrick Ueury said. 



8773.1 THE BEVOLUTION. 79 

Province, The House of Burgesses passed this resolu- 
tion. In his speech on this occasion, Patrick Henry- 
said: " Csesar had his Brutus j Charles the First his 
Cromwell; and George the Third — ." Here some cried 
out " Treason! Treason !" but he finished by saying — 
" may profit by their example j if that be treason, make 
the most of it." 

Stamp Act Congress (1765). 

5. Nearly all the people iu the colonies were opposed 
to this Stamp Act. Hence, representatives of nearly all 
the colonies met in New York in October, 1765, in order 
to contrive some plan to get this law repealed. This 
Congress declared that Parliament had no right to tax 
the Americans without their consent. They also sent 
a petition, to the King of Great Britain, and a memorial 
to Parliament, asking that this law be repealed. 

The Stamp Act is Eepkaled (1766). 

6. The officers appointed by the King to carry out 
the Stamp Act in the colonies were treated very roughly 
by the people, and became so unpopular that at last 
nearly all of them resigned their appointments. The 
people, moreover, determined that they would not buy 
goods made in England. Finally, the Parliament were 
obliged to repeal the law. This was done in 1766. 

Tea is Taxed by Parliament (1773). 

7. The English Government did not, however, give 

5. Were the people of the colonies opposed to the Stamp Act ? Where 
did their representatives meet? When? What name was given to tliis 
CongroBS ? What did this Congress do ? 

6. How were the officers appointed by the King treated ? What did the 
colonists determine to do? What did I'arliameut do? When was the Act 
repealed ? 

7 How did Parliament next try to tax the colonists? What was done 
with the tea brought to New York and Philadelphia ? What became of the 
tea brought to Boston ? 



80 niSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1774- 

up tho right which they claimed to tax the people in 
the colonics. Parliament punscd a law, taxing all the 
tea wliit'h was sold in tho colonics. Many vessels were 
laden with tea and sent to different cities in America 
to be sold. But the commanders of the vessels which 
came to New York and Philadelphia were so frightened 
\>y the people that the}' did not land the tea, but carried 
it back to England. Tho officers who brought the tea 
to Boston, determined to land it. But they did not 
succeed. One bright moonlight night, a good many 
men, disguised like Indians, went on board the vessels, 
broke opon the boxes, and poured the tea into tho 
water. 

British Troops are sent to Boston (1768). 

8, The British Government determined to punish the 
people of Boston for this. Accordingly, they sent Brit- 
ish soldiers under General Gage to Boston, and quar- 
tered them in tho houses of the people. These soldiers 
had many quarrels with the people, and once they fired 
into a crowd of the citizens and killed three men. 



SECTION IL 

The First Continental Congress Meets (1774). 

1. In September, 1774, tho people of all the colonics 
except Georgia sent their best men to meet in Philadel- 
phia, in order to determine what was best for the coloiues 

H. How (lid the RrltiBh Government pniiish tlio people of Boston T Wlicu 
did tile Koldierr* nrrive ? Who coiuinniHlod them ? What alVrny oceurred ? 

1. WliiTO did repreBentaliv('!» from tlio colouics meet J Wlien ? Wlint 
vii« tUiM C'ongrcHs culled ? Who wiiw chosen President i" What hsid I'litrick 
Ucury Baid ? What rcaolutiouu did ibia Congress pass ? 



1775.] THE EEVOLUTION. 81 

to do. Peyton Eandolph of Yirginia was chosen Pres- 
ident of this Congress, and many great and wise men 
were among its members. Patrick Henry, the cele- 
brated Virginia orator, was there. He was the author 
of those noble words, " Give me Liberty, or give me 
Death " This Congress passed many resolutions. In 
some they approved of the conduct of the people of 
Massachusetts, and said they would aid those who 
suffered; in others they determined not to import any 
British goods, and not to export anything to Great 
Britain. 

General Gage Fortifies Boston. 

2. The British Government, however, would not 
agree to repeal their unjust laws, but determined to 
persist in oppressing the colonists. Hence, the people 
saw that they would have to fight to get their rights. 
In order to be prepared for this, they began to collect 
guns and ammunition at various places in the colonies. 
General Gage was afraid that the people would attack 
him at Boston, and so he began to build fortiiications 
in order to protect his soldiers. 

Battle op Lexington (April 19, 1775). 

3, General Gage heard that there was a large amount 
of ammunition at Concord, belonging to the Americans. 
This town is about twenty miles from Boston. He de- 
termined to destroy this ammunition. Accordingly, in 
the middle of the night, he despatched about eight 



2. What was the conduct of the British Governmeut? How did the 
colonists prepare for war? What did Gen. Gajje do at Bcstou ? 

3. Where did Gage send au expedition? K> r what purpose? Give an 
account of the battle of Lexington. When did it take place ? Why is it a 
memorable battle ? 

5* 



82 HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. [1773. 

hundred soldiers from Boston to march to Concord for 
this puri^oso. When these soldiers arrived at Lexing- 
ton, the middle of the next day (April IDUi, 1775). they 
found about one hundred armed Americans assembled 
in the villat^e in front of the church. Major Pitcairn, 
a British ofliccr, rode up to them and called out, "Dis- 
perse, you rebels ! Throw down your arms, and dis- 
perse!" The men did not disperse. So Major Pitcairu 
fired his pistol at them, and ordered his soldiers to fire. 
They gave a cheer and fired. The Americans then ran 
away, firing a tew shots. Seven Americans were killed, 
and nine wounded. Only one or two of the British 
■were wounded. This was the first fight of the War 
OF TUE Ameiucan 1\EV0LUT10N. 

The Britisu Retreat to Boston. 

4-, The British soldiers then went on to Concord, and 
destroyed the powder there. On their way back to 
Boston, they were fired upon at every point by the 
Americans, who had seized their arms and rushed to 
the spot. A great man}' of the ]5ritish wei-e killed and 
wounded, and they would all have been destroyed if 
General Gage had not sent out some more soldiers to 
meet and help them. 

Forts are Seized (1775). 

6. After this fight, the Americans seized many forts 
held by British soldiers. Among these was Fort Ticon- 
UEROOA, on Lake Champlain. This was taken by Ethan 



4. How did the British force enfferon Ub retreat ? What saved it from 
being di'st roved V ,.„.„, 

,5. What did the colonists seize ? What fort on I.iike Chninplain ? Whcro 
1b Ttcouderoj;a y (Sec miMi. llow f:ir from New York City? Who com- 
niaudc-d the American parly iu tliis atUvck ? Itclatc the afl'air. 



NEW YORK, PENH. 
NEW JERSEY, DEL. 
AND MARYLAND. 




Am.Photc-Llth.Co. NewYorU (Osborne's Pro)" 



1775.] THE REVOLUTION. 83 

Allen, commanding a small party of Americans. As 
Allen was approaching the fort, a sentinel snapped his 
gun at him. It missed fire, and Allen, with his party, 
rushed into the fort and demanded a surrender. The 
British commander asked, " By what authority ? " '* In 
the name of the great Jehovah and the Continental 
Congress," replied Allen. The commander surren- 
dered. Here, the Americans got a great deal of powder, 
and many guns. 

Boston is Besieged (1775). 

6. The people, on all sides, seized their arras and 
rushed to Boston. Soon, there was an army of thirty 
thousand men around that city. Their leaders deter- 
mined to try and make the British evacuate Boston. 
So Colonel Prescott was sent, one night, with one 
thousand men to fortify Bunker's Hill, near the en- 
trance of the peninsula upon which Charlestown is 
situated. They intended to plant cannon here and fire 
upon the British in Boston. By mistake, in the night, 
the Americans fortified Breed's Hill, which was still 
nearer to the British. 

Battle op Bunker's Hill (June 17, 1775). 

7. General Gage determined te drive the Americans 
away from this place. Accordingly, about 12 o'clock, 
on the 17th of June (1775), he sent across in boats about 
three thousand soldiers, commanded by General Howe, 
with orders to drive the Americans away. The British 

6. How many AmericanB gathered aronnd Boston ? What did their 
leaders determine to do? What hill did the Americans fortify? Why? 
How was the misuilce made ? 

7. When wai^ the battle of Bunker's HiH fought? Give the particulars 
of the battle How many mcu did the British lose? Americans? Why did 
the British claim the victory? 



84 HISTORY OF 'J UK VNITKD UTATES. [ir75. 



landed at the foot of the hill, formed a line of battle, 
fixed their bayonets, and marched up against the re- 
doubt held by the Americans. The British wore scarlet 
uniforms, and it was a splendid sight to sec them coming 
on with their bayonets glittering in the sunlight. Put- 
nam, one of the American leaders, told his men not to 
fire "till they could see the ivhites of the eyes of iho 
British." They w aited till the British got close to them, 
and then a perfect sheet of flame poured forth from the 
redoubt. A great many of the British were killed 
and wounded. The rest retreated rapidly down the 
hill. Their officers rallied them, and brought them up 
airain. A^ain the fire of the Americans was too hot for 
them, and they retreated again down to their boats. 
Here some soldiers, sent over by General Gage, joined 
them, and they advanced once more against the Ameri- 
cans. The latter had now used up neai'ly all their 
powder, and so, when the British attacked them, they 
were obliged to retreat to the rest of their army. So 
ended the Battle of Bunker's Hill. The British had 
a great many more killed ; but as the Americans re 
treated, the former claimed the victory. The British 
lost 1054 men; the Americans, only 453. 



CHAPTER II. 

BaVOLUTION (CONTINUED;. 
SECTION I. 

Wasiiinqton chosen Commander-in-Chief (1775). 

1, The Continental Congress met again at Philadel- 
phia, on the 10th of May (1775). As soon as news of 



1. Whore did the Continental ConKress again meet? When? How many 
troops did they determine to raise and equip? Who waa appoiuicd Cum- 
lUiiiulcr-in-chicf? 



1775.] THE EEVOLUTION. 85 

these battles was received, they determined to resist 
the British, and hence voted to raise and equip twenty 
thousand troops. They also elected George Wash- 
ington of Virginia, commander-in-chief of all the 
forces. He had fought so well under Braddock, that 
all thought he was the best man to command the Ameri- 
can soldiers. 
The British Governors are Driven Away (1775). 

2. Before the end of the year 1775, all the Eoyal 
Governors of the colonies were driven away, except 
the Governor of Connecticut, Mr. Trumbull, who joined 
the side of the Americans. After this, the colonies 
governed themselves. 

The Americans Invade Canada (1775). 

3. Canada belonged to the British, as well as the 
thirteen colonies with which they were now carrying 
on a war. The Americans determined to send some 
soldiers into Canada, and try to conquer it fi-om the 
British and get the Canadians to join their side. 

Arnold's March through the Wilderness. 

4. Accordingly, General Washington sent Colonel 
Arnold with eleven hundred men, to march through 
Maine into Canada. Colonel Arnold went up the Ken- 
nebec river, and then marched through Canada to Que- 
bec. He marched more than three hundred miles 
through a country where no people were living. During 



2. What became of the Royal Governors of the colonies ? What is said 
of the Governor of Connecticut ? 

3. To whom did Canada belong? What did the Americans determine 
to do? 

4. Who comniandetl the expedition against Canada? What route did he 
take ? Describe his march. 



86 HiarORY of the united states. [1776. 



Ills march, all bis provisions gave out, and his soldiers 
hud to eat their dogs, shoes, and cartridge-boxes. 

Attack on Quebec (1775). 

5. Finally, Arnold reached Quebec. This town 
is on the St. Lawrence river, about four hundred 
and fifty miles nearly north of New York city. Hero 
Arnold met another American army, under General 
Montgomery, which bad marched from New York. 
These forces attacked Quebec in the midst of a terrible 
snow-storm ; but though they fought very bravely, yet 
the British drove them back, and killed General ^lont- 
gomery. This happened on the Slat of December, 1775. 
The Americans, shortly afterwards, retreated out of 
Canada into New York. 

TuE British Leave Boston (1776), 

6, In the meantime, General Washington had been 
arming and drilling the soldiers he had around Boston. 
As soon as the spring of 1776 opened, he determined to 
make the British leave Boston. So one dark night, he 
sent some soldiers to Dorchester Heights, and made 
them construct there a redoubt, or sort of fort. lie 
intended to place cannon in this redoubt, and fire upon 
the British in Boston. When General Howe who 
commanded the British, saw this, he put all his soldiers 
on board his vessels, and sailed away to Ilalifa.v, a town 
in Nova Scotia. Washington then marched into Boston, 
and there was great rejoicing among the people at get- 
ting rid of the British. 



O. Wliftt city did Arnold roach ? Where Is It eltnatcd f What other army 
did Arnold im;i'l? Dincribc tlio attack on (Jiifbcc. When made? What 
was diiiio by ttic American army sliorily afterwards? 

O Wliat liad Wa«liin::l«>u liecn doui^' J What heij;ht(« did ho occupy f 
When? For wliai purpose ? Wlio comnianiUd llie Britihli In IJoiftoD T 
What did lie now do? 



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AND THE ADJACENT COUNTHY 



CHAR LESTON 





Am Photo-Lith. Co. New York Osborne'* 



1776.] the revolution. 87 

Attack on Fort Moultrie (June 28, 1776.) 

7, The British next attempted to capture Charles- 
ton, a city in South Carolina. But the Americans had 
expected this, and had built a fort made of pahnetto 
logs, on Sullivan's Island. Colonel Moultrie, a brave 
oflScer, was put in command of the soldiers in this fort, 
which was named after him. The British vessels could 
not get to Charleston, except by passing near this fort, 
and under fire of its cannon. On the 28th of June 
(1776), Admiral Sir Peter Parker appeared before 
this fort with ten war vessels, which were armed with 
two hundred and seventy cannon. The British officers 
laughed when they saw this little log fort, and thought 
it would be an easy job for them to batter it down. So 
they sailed up close, and fired a hundred cannon at it 
at the same time. They thought this had knocked the 
fort down. But when the smoke cleared away, they 
saw the American flag still floating over the fort ; and 
the Americans fired back at the ships. They kept on 
firing at each other all day. The British caunon balls 
went into the soft wood and made the fort stronger. 
At one time, a cannon ball broke the fliig-staff", and 
down fell the flag outside the fort. The British raised 
a cheer, for they thought the fort had surrendered. 
But a brave American, Sergeant Jasper jumped over 
the wall, walked the whole length of the fort while the 
British were firing at him, picked up the flag, and 
raised it again on the walls of the fort. Finally, the 

7. What city did the British try to capture in June, 17'6 ? Between what 
rivers is ciiarlcstoa situated ? (See map.) Where is Fort Afoultrie ? Who 
commanded the Americans in this fort ? How was the fort linilt ? How 
many vessels were in the British fleet ? How many cannon laad ihey ? De- 
scribe the attaclv. Relate Sergeant Jasper's gallant feat. How was he 
rewarded? What was the result of the battle? 



88 HiaroRY of the united states. [i-to. 



British gave up the attack and sailed away. One of 
their largest ships, however, they had to burn ; for it 
had got aground during the fight. Sergeant Jasper 
had a sword presented to him for his gallant conduct. 



SECTION IT. 
Declaration op Independence (July 4, 177G). 

1. The British Government seemed determined not 
to grant their rights to the colonists. The}' paid no 
attention to their petitions, but hired a great many 
soldiers in Germany to help them to conquer the Ameri- 
cans. Some of these soldiers came from Ilesse-Cassel, 
and hence the Americans called them IIkssians. The 
American Congress, seeing how they were treated by 
the British Government, deternuned to separate from 
it. Hence, on the 4th of Jul}', 177G, they passscd the 
Declaration op Independence. By this, they de- 
clared the colonies free, and that they had the right 
to govern themselves. The people in western North 
Carolina had alreadj^ in May, 1775, declai'ed them- 
selves free and independent. Virginia, also, did the 
same in June, 177G. 

The British Capture New York (1776). 

2. The next point which the British aimed to cap- 
ture, after their defeat at Charleston, was New York 



1. Ilow tlid the British Govornnicnt behave? Where did they liirc 
8()!dierc ? WIml wero thuy calU'dy What did ('<)nsrL-!»H dctormiiie to do? 
What did tlu'y pass? WhcuV liy whom liad tlii« doclaraiiou bt-cii prv- 
vioiislv made '/ 

a U'liat city did the Briiich next aim to cap:nrn» How Is New York 
eituatiid? (St!i- map facing; p. 82.) Wlicre is Flail)ii»li ? Ilow far from New 
York' Wlicre did Howe laud? With how m;iiiy troopsy Wliere did a 
battle take place? Result ? What rejcimeut fou;,'ht bravely ? What was the 
couaequencc of this defeat ? 



1776.] TEE BEVOLVTION. 89 

City. In this they were successful. In August, Gen- 
eral Howe landed on Long Island with 30,000 soldiers. 
A small army of the Americans was stationed at 
Flatbush. This General Howe attacked and defeated. 
The Americans fought bravely, but their numbers were 
too few. A regiment of Marylaudei's fought until 
nearly all of them were killed. Even those who 
escaped were wounded. General Howe then crossed 
over to New York, and took possession of the city. 

Eetreat through New Jersey (17.76). 

3, General Howe soon after sent Lord Cornwallis 
with 6,000 troops, after General Washington, who was 
in New Jersey. The American army was too small to 
risk a battle. So General Washington retreated before 
the British through New Jersey, and finally crossed 
the Delaware river into Pennsj^lvania, at Trenton 
Ferry. Many of the people of New Jersey joined the 
British. These were called Tories. Those who re- 
mained true to the Americans wei-e called Whigs. 
Congress was in session at Philadelphia, but, fearing 
that the British would capture that city, they ad- 
journed to Baltimore. Feeling that affairs were in a 
desperate state, they vested Washir)gton with almost 
absolute power, so much confidence had they in him. 

Battle op Trenton (Dec. 26, 1776). 

4. General Washington saw that he must win a vic- 
tory in order to raise the spirits of the soldiers and 



3. Who pnreued Gen. Washinsfon? Where did Wiishintrton retreat? 
Why did he not fight a ba tie? Where is Trenton? How far from New 
York? Wlicro is Philadelphia? Princeton? To what place did Congress 
adjourn? What powers did they grant to Washington? 

4. What British force did Washington determine to attack? Describe 
the march there, and the battle. When fought ? Ilcsult ? Where did Wash- 
ington take the prisoners? 



90 HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. [1777. 

people. Colonel Rawlo was at Trenton with about 
1,500 British. These Washington determined to cap- 
ture. Accordingly, on Christmas night, ho crossed the 
Delaware river with his army. The river was filled 
with floating ice, but the men got across safely. The 
Americans then marched quickly to Trenton, and 
attacked the British. After a short fight, the British 
surrendered. The Americans got also their baggage 
and artillery. Washington then crossed back into 
Pennsylvania with his prisoners. 

Battle of Princeton (Jan. 3, 1777). 

5. After putting his prisoners in a safe place. Wash- 
ington came back to Trenton. The victor}'- had raised 
the spirits of his soldiers, and he determined to fight 
another battle. He had now about 5,000 men. Corn- 
\vallis collected a larger army at Princeton, and then 
marched toward Trenton with the intention of destroy- 
ing Washington's army. Washington fell back to 
Assumpinck Creek, and there formed a line of battle. 
Cornwallis came up, but night had set in, and so he 
determined to put off his attack till next morning. 
All night long the watch-fires burned brightly along the 
line of the Americans; but the next morning, when Corn- 
wallis looked across the creek, he found that the Amer- 
ican army had gone. Washington had marched away 
iu the night, had gone around the British army, and 
had moved toward Princeton, in order to attack the 
soldiers that Cornwallis had left there. About half 

6. How many men had Wa«liington now? Wliat place did he occni)y^ 
Who nUvuucici to aitack him '.' How did Washin;,'iou deceive Cornwallis f 
Describe the battle ol I'rintiton. When fou^'hi? lU-suli* Where did 
Washington go into winter-tiuaitera f Where m Morristown? 



1777.] THE REVOLUTION. 91 

way on the road he met three regiments of British 
soldiers on their way to join Cornwallis. These at- 
tacked the Americans, and the latter began to retreat. 
General Washington then seized a flag and rushed 
towards the British, ordering his soldiers to follow 
him. They did follow him, and heat the British. 
Washington then went on to Princeton, and captured 
neai'ly a whole regiment of the British. After this. 
General Washington put his army in winter-quarters 
at Morristown, New Jersey. 

Aeticles op Confederation. 

6. In 1777, Congress passed the "Artecles of Con- 
federation." According to these, each State retained 
its own government independent of the others, but 
they promised to help each other against the British 
until they should become free. 

Battle op Brandywine (Sept, 11, 1777). 

7. On the 5th of July (1777), General Howe left 
part of his army in New York, and sailed with the re- 
mainder towards the South. He sailed up Chesa- 
peake Bay, and landed his arni}^ at the head of Elk 
river. His plan was to march toward Philadelphia, and 
try to capture it. When he arrived at Brandywine 
Creek he found General Washington's army on the 
opposite side. General Howe's arni}^ was larger than 
Washington's. So he sent part of his army to attack 



6. When did CoiigrcsB pass the "Articles of Coiifederatiou " ? What 
were the maiu provisions of these Articles? 

7. Where did Howe laud an army in the summer of 1777? What was his 
plan? Where is Brandywine (.:rei.-ky Where is Germantown? Vailey 
Korge ? When was the battle of Braudywine fought? Result? What 
distinguished loreiguers fought on the American side ? 



92 HISTORY OF TlIK UNITED STATES [1777. 

the Americans on the flank, while he attacked them in 
the front. The British were victorious, and drove the 
Americans from the field. In this battle, Marquis de 
LaFayette and Count Pulaski fou;^ht on the side of 
the Americans. The former was a nobleman of France, 
and the latter of Poland. They had left their homes, 
and hud come to help the Americans to fight for free- 
dom. 

Battle op Germantown (Oct. 4, 1777). 

8. After this battle, General Howe marched on, and 
took possession of Philadelphia. He left, however, 
part of his army at Germantown about six miles from 
Philadelphia. General Washington determined to sur- 
prise this detachment. So at daybreak, on the 4th of 
October, lie attacked it. At first, the Americans had 
the best of the fight. But a regiment of British went 
into a stone house, and kept up such a heav}^ fire upon 
the Americans that they had to stop the pursuit. The 
British then rallied, charged the Americans, and drove 
them from the field. "Washington then put his army in 
winter quarters at Valley Forge. The American sol- 
diers sufiered very much during this winter; for many 
of them had no shoes or stockings, tents or blankets. 
They bore all this cheerfully, however, for they hoiDcd 
to gain their freedom. 



8. What city did tho British occupy ? Where rjid Howe i. iivc pnrt of his 
army? Wlicn did Wnstiiiiirtoii attncK this? Di-i^cribc ilie lia'llc. \V|;ito 
did \Vat<liin<:t<)U f:o into wiuter-quarters ? What is Baid of tho couditioa 
of tho Amuricau army f 



1777.] THE BEVOLVTION. 93 

CHAPTER TIL 

KEVOLUTION (CONTINUED). 



SECTION I. 

Burgoyne's Invasion (1777). 

1. While these things were taking place in Pennsyl- 
vania, the Americans were fighting the British in New 
York also. The British Government determined to try 
and cut off the New England States from the others. 
Their plan was to send an army, under General Bur- 
GOYNE from Canada by way of Lake Champlain. An- 
other ai'my was to go up the Hudson from New York, 
and the two armies were to meet somewhere near 
Albany. General Burgoyne set out at the head of a 
splendid army of seven thousand soldiers. He had also 
a great many Indians with him. At first, he was very 
successful, and captured all the forts on his way. 

Battle op Bennington (Aug. 16, 1777). 

2. When he arrived at Fort Edward, he halted there 
some time, waiting for stores for his army. In order to 
get some provisions, he sent Colonel Baum with five 
hundred Hessians, into Yermont. Near Bennington, 
Baum was met by General Starke. When Starke saw 
the British, he cried out, "Come on, boys! we must 
beat these red-coats, or Molly Starke's a widow," They 
did beat them, but just then another regiment of British 



X. What did the British Govemmpnt determine to do in 1777? What 
was the plan? Where is Lake Champlain? (See map facing p. 82.) Where 
is Alhauy ? How far from New Yorli City? Who commanrlert the expedi- 
tion from Canada? How many Boldicrs had he? How did he succeed at 
first? 

3. Where did Burgoyne halt? For what purpose? Where did he send 
Col. Banm? Where did Gen. Starke meet him? What did Starke say ? 
Describe the battle. What was the result? 



94 EI8T0RY OF THE UMTED STATES. [Vm. 

came up. This had been sent by Burgoyne to help 
Baum, but they came too hito, and the Americans beat 
them too. The British lost seven hundred men in 
killed, wounded, and prisoners. 

Murder op Miss McCrea (1777). 

3. About this time, a cruel murder was committed 
by the Indians. Lieutenant Jones, an officer of the 
British armj^ under Burgoyne, had become engaged to 
a Miss McCrea a charming and beautiful young lad}', 
living near Fort Edward. He wished her to come to 
the British camp in order to be married to her. Ac- 
cordingly, he sent two Indians to bring her to the 
camp, promising them some money for it. While the 
Indians were conducting her to the camp, they got into 
a quai'rel as to which should get the officer's money. 
Finally, one of them got so angr}' that lie killed the 
young lady with his tomahawk, so that the other 
should not get the reward. Instead of receiving his 
bride, the unhappy lover received her scalp. He was 
so much horrified at this result that he oftercd to resign 
his commission in the army. Burgoyne refused to let 
him resign, and the officer then deserted, and led a 
wandering, heartbroken life during the remainder of 
his days. This cruel murder made many an American 
join the army and fight the British. 

Battles op Stillwater (1777). 

4. Genei'al Gates had been appointed to command 
the army in front of Burgoyne. Ho placed bis army 

3. Relate the mnrder of Mies McCrea. What bccamo of her lover? 

4. Who commandc'd the Amrrican army in front of Durfrojuc? Where 
did he post hie army? Where is* Stillwater!' When wae the flrt^t battle 
fought? Uepult? When was t lie second battle fought ? Kesnlt? Give an 
account of the conduct of Arnold. 



1777.] TEE EEVOLUTION. 95 

behind strong fortifications at Stillwater, on the 
Hudson, about fifteen miles above Albany. Burgoyne 
had to beat him in order to get to Albany. He tried 
to do it, but he failed. He fought the Americans all 
day on the 19th of September, but when night came, 
the Americans held the same position they had in the 
morning. Burgoyne tried another battle on the 7th of 
October, but the red-coats were badly beaten, and lost 
nine cannon. Arnold fought very bravely in this battle. 
General Gates did not like him, and ordered him to stay 
in his tent. But Arnold got on his horse, galloped to 
the place where they were fighting, and led the men in 
many a charge. Gates sent an ofiicer to arrest Arnold 
but he could not overtake him until Arnold got his leg 
broken by a British bullet. Arnold was a brave soldier, 
and would have been honored by the Americans had 
he not tried afterwards to betray his country. 

Burgoyne Surrenders (Oct. 17, 1777). 

5, After this battle. General Burgoyne retreated to 
Saratoga; but he could not retreat any farther, for 
General Gates had placed soldiers in the mountain 
passes in his rear. So General Burgoyne surrendered 
his army on the 17th of October. It was a joyful sight 
to the American soldiers to see more than five thousand 
red-coats march out and lay down their arms before 
them. The Americans got from them thirty-five brass 
cannon, and more than five thousand muskets. 



5. To what point did Burgoyne retreat ? Where is Saratoga ? Why 
coTild not Burgoyne retreat farther? When did Burgoyne surrender? How 
many British soldiers laid down their arms? How many cannon and 
muskets were captured? 



96 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1778 

SECTION II. 
Recognition op Independence by France (1778). 

1, Tho Americans were a ^rcat deal encouraged by 
this victory, and anotlier event also happened which 
made tlicni feel sure of gaining their freedom. The 
King of France recognized tho independence of the 
United States of America (as they were called), and 
pi'omised to send them ships and soldiers to help them 
to fight tho British. The American Commissioners who 
negotiated this treaty were Silas Deano, Benjamin 
Franklin, and Arthur Lee. 

The British Attempt to Make Peace (1778). 

2. The British Government began to fear that tho 
Americans would gain their independence, now that 
they were assisted by France. So they offered to with- 
draw all their troops from America, and to let the 
Colonists send representatives to Parliament, if the}' 
would make peace, and allow them to lay taxes on tho 
people. But the Americans refused the terms. They 
wanted to be an independent government. The British 
even attempted to bribe some of tho chief men among 
the Americans. They offered ten thousand guineas to 
Governor J^eed, as member of Congress from Penn- 
sylvania, if ho would try to got the Americans to 
accept their terms. Governor Eeed replied : " I am not 
worth purchasing; but such as I am, the King of Great 
Britain is not rich enough to buy me." 

1. Whfit importnnt event hnpppiiod in the beginning of 1778? Uow did 
the Kinu' of Fniiico promise to lii-lp tho AnuMicaiin? 

2. Whut dirl the Hritiwh (Jovcrninent now fear? What terin« were offered 
to the Aincrieiiiis? J>i<l the Aiiieiic.iim accept them ? Whyuot? IJihitu the 
attempt to bril)i; Gov. Reed, iiud hiB reply. 



1778.] tee eevolution. 97 

The British Leave Philadelphia (1778). 

3. Sir Henry Clinton had been put in command of 
the British army, in place of General Howe. Clinton 
became afraid that a French fleet would blockade the 
mouth of the Delaware, so that the British ships could 
not get to him. So he determined to leave Philadelphia, 
and march with his army to New York. 

Battle op Monmouth (June 28, 1778). 

4, General Washington followed after the British 
army and overtook them at Monmouth, in New Jersej^. 
The two armies fought hard, and the Americans were 
getting the better of the battle, but night came on, and 
they had to stop fighting. A story is told about a 
brave woman who fought in this battle. Her name 
was Mary Pitcher, and her husband was a cannoneer 
in the American army. While the battle was going on, 
Mary was busy bringing water to her husband from 
the spring. During the battle a ball struck her hus- 
band and killed him. They were about to move his 
cannon off the field, but this brave woman told them 
she would take her husband's place. She did take it, 
and fired the cannon a,s long as the battle continued. 
General Washington heard of her brave conduct, and 
made her a sergeant in the army. Ever afterward, 
she went by the name of "Captain Molly." After the 
battle, General Washington wrapped his cloak around 
him and lay down to sleep, with the root of a tree for 



3. Who was now in command of the British army? Why did he deter- 
mine to leave Philadelphia ? Towards what place did he march ? 

4. Where did Washington overtake the British? Whore is Monmouth? 
(See map facius^ p 82.) Why did not the Americans defeat the British? 
Relate the story about Mary Pitcher. How did Washington reward her? 
How did the British avoid a battle ou the next day? 

6 



98 niSTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. [I77». 

a pillow. He intended to attack the British at day- 
break. The British were afraid of this, and hence 
noiselessly marched away during the night. 

Capture op Savannah (1778). 

5. In November, the British captured Savannah, in 
Georgia. They intended to try and conquer the South- 
ern States, and wo will soon see what they did there 
the next year (1779). In the North, they did not try 
to attack Washington's army, but sent soldiers on 
board their ships, and landed them on the coast, where 
they might rob and plunder the people. In one of 
these expeditions they came near capturing General 
Putnam. They had him surrounded on all sides except 
one where there was a flight of one hundred stone 
steps. General Putnam rode his horse down these 
steps, and thus escaped, for the British cavahy were 
afraid to follow. 

Massachusetts Tries an Expedition (1778). 

6. The authorities of the State of Massachusetts 
thought they would try an independent expedition. So 
they sent General Lovell with some of their soldiers 
to try and capture a British post at Penobscot. The 
British had very few men there, and very 2>oor fortifica- 
tions. But General Lovel was afraid to attack them. So 
he planted his cannoft half-a-mile off^ and shot at them 
for two weeks. lie did not hurt the British much. 
Finally, the British attacked General Lovel, and so 
scattered his forces that they could hardly find their 



5. What city did the British captnro In 'NoTember, 177S? Where 1b 
Savannah? (S^c map.) What, was the intention i»f the British? What did 
tlio BritiKh do in tht; North ? Itrlatc tlie I'srapc of l^ntnam. 

«, What Stale tried au expedition in 1778 1 What place was It to attack 7 
What did (Icn. Lovel do? What becnmo of bim and his eoldiere? 



I 



1780.] THE REVOLUTION. 99 

way back to Boston. They let the British alone after 
that. 

Siege of Savannah (1779). 

7. During the year 1779, the British and Americans 
had a good many fights in Georgia and South Carolina. 
Sometimes the British were successful, and sometimes 
the Americans, Finally, the Americans tried to capture 
Savannah. A French fleet brought three thousand five 
hundred French soldiers there to help them. General 
Lincoln commanded the American army, and Count 
D'EsTAiNG the French. On the 9th of October, they 
tried to capture the city by storm, but the British drove 
them back. Sergeant Jasper, the hero of Fort Moultrie, 
was with the Americans. He rushed forward among 
the foremost, and planted the American flag on the 
ramparts \ but he was wounded, and, shortly afterward, 
died. 

Surrender op Charleston (May 12, 1780). 

8, In the spring of 1780, the British, under Sir 
Henry Clinton, laid siege to Charleston, and, after a 
long struggle, it was surrendered to them. By this 
surrender, about 5,000 soldiers and 400 cannon fell into 
the hands of the British. 

Marion and Sumpter. 
9i Lord Cornwallis was then put in command of 
the British in South Carolina. He soon had soldiers in 

7. Where were there many fights in 1779 ? Who were successful ? What 
city did the Americans and French try to take? Who commanded the Ameri- 
cans? The French ? Describe the assault. What was the result ? Wtiat 
is said of Sergeant Jasper ? 

8. What city did Clinton besiege in 1780? Where is Charleston ? (See 
map facing p. 87.) What was the result of the siege ? What did the British 
capture ? 

9. Who was put in command of the British iu South Carolina? What 
did he do? What Amcricau leaders remained in South Carolina? How did 
they carry on the war? What was done by Sumpter? How were the Ameri- 
cans armed? Relate the anecdote of Marion. 



100 UlSTOllY OF THE UNITED STATES. 11780 

forts all over the State, and drove all the American 
soldiers into North Carolina, except those led by 
Marion and Sumpter, Marion was called the "Swamp 
Fox," and Sumpter the " Carolina Game Cock." They 
and their men lived in thickets and swamps, and 
rushed out on the British whenever they could get a 
chance. Once Sumpter killed an entire British regiment 
except nine men. The Americans were very poorly 
armed. The swords of some of them were made out 
of saws. They had very little to eat. Once, when a 
British officer was with Marion, arranging about ex- 
changing some prisoners, Marion invited him to stay 
to dinner. The officer accepted the invitation. AVhen 
dinner-time came, some sweet potatoes were handed to 
them on a piece of bark. The British officer was as- 
tonished, but Marion told him that frequently he had 
nothing to eat. Still these brave patriots were willing 
to bear all this sufl'ering, for they were fighting for 
liberty. 



CHAPTER lY. 

EEVOLUTION (CONTINUED). 

SECTION VI. 

Battle of Camden (IGth August, 1780). 

1. In order to oppose Cornwallis, Congress sent 
General Gates with an army to South Carolina. On 
the 16th of August, a battle was fought near Camden. 



1- Whom (lid Consrropfl ccnd to oppose rornwnllifl? Whore did ho flirlit 
with ConnMillis? V\ heir is CMiiKicii? (Soc map rncin- p. !IS.) \\ Imt was 
lliu rcMiiltof lliL' buttle? Wl.trc did li«tt» coilict a part of hia army !• W hero 
did Coruwailis y^ol 



1780.] THE REVOLUTION. 101 

The Americans were badly beaten. They were so 
scattered, that Gates did not collect together 150 men 
before he reached Charlotte, in North Carolina. Lord 
Cornwallis then marched into North Carolina, and 
overran the whole State. 

Battle of King's Mountain (7th Oct., 1780). 

2. A part of his army, however, under Colonel Fer- 
guson, was badly beaten in the western part of 
North Carolina. The brave mountaineers of North 
Carolina, Tennessee, and Yirginia, pressed him so 
closely that he had to fight them at King's Mountain. 
The British were posted on a hill, and the Americans 
attacked them on all sides at once. Whenever the 
British charged and drove back the Americans on one 
side, the Americans on the other side came up and at- 
tacked them in the rear. Finally, Colonel Ferguson 
was killed, and his whole army was either killed or 
captured. This was an important victory, and helped 
the Americans very much in gaining their independence. 

Treason op Benedict Arnold (1780). 

3. In September, 1780, the Americans came very near 
losing West Point. This place, on the Hudson, was 
strongly fortified, and was very important to the 
Americans, as it connected the Eastern States with 
the rest of the Union, Benedict Arnold was in 
command of it. This man, though he had fought 

2. Where did Cornwallis send a part of hiB army ? Under whom? Who 
attacked this force? Where? When? Where is Kins's Mountain? De- 
scribe the battle. What result? Was this victory important ? 

3. Where is West Point ? (Sec map facing p. 89.) Why was it important 
to the Americans ? Who commanded there in 1780 ? What did he determiuo 
to do ? Whom did Clinton send to make terms with Arnold ? What bargain 
was made between them ? 



102 HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. [1780. 



bravely in many battles, now determined to betray his 
post to the British. Accordingly, he sent word to the 
British commander at Now Yorlc, that he would deliver 
up the fort to him, if he was paid enough for it. Sir 
Henry Clinton at once sent his aide-de-camp, Major 
Andre, to West Point to see Arnold, and make terms 
with him. It was agreed at this meeting that Arnold 
should give up West Point, and that the British should 
give him $50,000, and a place as Brigadier-General in 
their army. 

Andre is Captured (23d Sept., 1780.). 

4r. The vessel that brought Andre had sailed down 
the river. So Andre got a pass from Arnold, and set 
out to return to New York on horseback. Arnold's 
pass carried him safely through all the pickets except 
one. When he arrived at Tarrytown, about thirty 
miles from New York, he came to the last American 
picket. Here, three Americans, Paulding, Williams 
and Van Wert, stopped him, and demanded his pass. 
Andre was so near New York that he thought they 
were British soldiers, and hence told them that he was 
a British officer. The Americans told him that he must 
surrender himself as their prisoner. Andre offered 
them large sums of money if they would let him go, 
but they were true patriots, and refused. They took 
him to their commanding officer. Congress gave them 
each a silver medal, and §200 a year. 



4. How did Audre return townnis New York? Where was he halted? 
By whom ? What took place i Uow did Cougrese reward tUcBe meu t 



1 



syso.] tee revoltjtion. 103 

Execution of Andre (1780). 

5. Andre was tried by fourteen general officers, ap- 
pointed by General Washington. They convicted him 
of being a spy, and condemned him to death. The 
British commander made many threats against Wash- 
ington if he should have Andre shot, but Washington did 
his duty, and carried out the sentence of the court- 
martial, 

Arnold Escapes. 

6. The Americans tried to capture Arnold, in order to 
punish him for his treason- but as soon as he heai'dthat 
Andre was captured, he escaped to New York. The 
British gave him the money they had promised, and 
made him General. He fought on their side during the 
rest of the war ; but he was an unhappy man all the 
rest of his life, for he felt that all men despised him. 
In London, after the war, he said, *' I was born, and 
lived to the prime of my life in America ; but now I can 
call no man in America my friend." On one occasion, 
during the war, Arnold took a Virginian prisoner, and 
asked him, what the Americans would do with him if 
they should capture him. The Virginian replied, "They 
would bury your leg that was wounded at Quebec with 
military honors, but would hang the rest of you." 
Benedict Arnold was born at Norwich, in the State of 
Connecticut. He was a traitor, and no one cares where 
he died. 



5. Of what was Andre found guilty? What was his sentence? Did 
Washington carry out this sentence ? 

6. Did Arnold escape? What became of him afterwards ? What did he 
eay in Loudon ? Relate what the Virginian said to him. Where was Arnold 
torn? 



104 HISTOliY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1781. 



Gen. Greene aitointed to Command in the South 
(1780). 

7. By the recommendation of Washington, Congress 
appointed General Greene to command the armies in 
the Carolinas, in place of General Gates, who had been 
so badly beaten. General Greene had only two thous- 
and soldiers. He kept half of them with him, and sent 
General Morgan with the rest to the north-western 
part of South Carolina. 

Battle of Cowpens (17th Jan., 1781). 

8» Lord Cornwallis sent Tarleton, with one thous- 
and one hundred men, to beat Morgan. But he was him- 
self beaten. The armies met at the " Cowpens." Colonel 
Washington, a bravo cavalry officer in the, American 
army, charged the British soldiers, and scattered them 
in every direction. Tarleton lost six hundred men, and 
all his baggage. During the battle, Colonel Washing- 
ton met Tarleton, and they had a fierce fight. Tarleton, 
at last, was wounded, and put spurs to his horse and 
escaped. Afterwards, at a dinner company, Tarleton 
said to an American lady, that " he would like to see 
that famous Colonel Washington whom the Americans 
boasted about so much." "You might have seen him 
at the battle of Cowpens," replied the lady, "if you 
had only looked behind you." 

7. Whom did Wnphiiiprton rerommcnd to be put in command of the troops 
In the CnroliniiBf Uow ninuy men had Greuue ? Where did he scud Gen. 
Morf,'ttn with piirt of them ? 

8 Whom did Cornwnllle Bend nsainBt Morgan? Where was a battle 
fuivlit Ix'tween thorn ? Wlurc i;* the " Cowpens " ? (See mfip facing p !tS.) 
Wliftl was the result of the Imttic? What personal encouulor took place? 
Kelalc the auecdute meutioued? 



1781.] tee revolution. 105 

Eetreat through the Carolinas (1781). 

9. Aftei' Tarleton's defeat, Lord Cornwallis marched 
with all his army after Morgan. The latter retreated 
into North Carolina, and rejoined Greene. The Ameri- 
cans were not strong enough to fight the British army, 
and hence Greneral Greene retreated toward Virginia. 
Cornwallis pursued, and they had a close race. Finally, 
Greene got his army safely across the Dan river, and 
Cornwallis gave up the chase. 

Battle of Guilford C. H. (15th March, 1781) 

10. Afterwards, Gen. Greene returned to North Caro- 
lina, and fought Cornwallis at Guilford C. H. They 
had a hard fight, but finally, the Americans were driven 
from the field. Cornwallis then mai'ched with part of 
his army into Virginia. He left the rest in fortifica- 
tions in different parts of South Carolina. Gen. Greene 
attacked these, and, finally, drove the British from all 
their posts except Charleston. At Eutaw Springs he 
had a severe battle with the British, and killed and 
wounded a great many of them. 

Capture of Fort Motte by Marion (1781). 

11. One of the posts held by the British was 
called Fort Motte. This had been the residence of a 
Whig lady, but the British had taken it from her, and 
had posted soldiers in it. Marion attacked this place 



9. What did Cornwallis do after ttiis bartle ? Where did Morgan retreat? 
Where did he rejoin Greene ? Whydid uotGreene give l)attlc to Ooruwallis? 
Where did he retreat? Where is the Dau river? Did Cornwallis pursue 
farther ? 

10. What did Greene afterwards do ? What was the result of the hattle ? 
Where is Guilford C. H. ? Where did Cornwallis then march? Where did 
he leave part of his army? What did Greene do? Where did he fight a 
battle? Where is Eutaw Springs? How far from Charleston ? 

11. Describe the capture of Fort Motte. 

6* 



106 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ri78«- 

with his men, but he found that ho could not ca]>li'.n' 
the British unless he set fire to the house. Mrs. Motte 
agreed to let him do this, and even furnished the bow 
and arrows with which the liij^lited tow was shot upon 
the roof. The British surrendered as soon as they 
found that the roof was on fire. Marion and his men 
then put the fire out, and saved the house for tiie 
patriotic lady. 



SECTION IL 

Lord Cornwallis in YiRniNiA (1781). 

1, As we have stated before, Lord Cornwallis marched 
with the greater part of his army into Virginia. He 
was destined never to leave it except as a prisoner. 
Washington had placed La Fayette in command of the 
American soldiers in Virginia. La Fa3'ettc, however, 
had too small an army to attack Cornwallis. Moreover, 
many of La Fayette's soldiers deserted, and went home. 
They were from the Northern States. They were 
afraid of the victorious troops of Cornwallis, and, more- 
over, were not willing to fight so far from home. Ac- 
cording to orders, which ho received from Sir Henrj' 
Clinton, Cornwallis marched his army to YorktowiN, 
and built fortifications there. He did this in order to 
have a strong place to retreat to, if he should be de- 
feated when he set out to conquer the State of Virginia. 



1. Whom had Washington pnt in command of the American troop? In Vir- 
ginia? Why did lio not attack C'oruwalliH « How did eomc of La Fayette's 
iroopi" beliavc? Whero did Cornwallin march Lis army f Why did he fortify 
thin place? Where is Yorktown? (Sec map.) 



1781.] the revolution. 107 

"Washington Marches to Yirginia (1781). 

2. General Washington now formed a plan to capture 
the army of Cornwallis. He was near New York, and 
had an army of about ten thousand Americans. A 
French army of about five thousand soldiers, under 
Count de Eochambeau, was also with him. "Washington 
determined to march to Yirginia, and capture the army 
of Cornwallis, before Sir Heniy Clinton could get there. 
He expected, also, a largo French fleet, under Count de 
Grasse, to blockade the York river, so that Cornwallis 
could not escape. "Washington withdrew his army so 
quietly from the neighborhood of New York, that Sir 
Henry Clinton did not know he had gone until he had 
marched too far to be overtaken. Clinton then knew 
that Cornwallis was to be attacked, and sent him word 
to hold out until he arrived with his fleet and soldiers. 

Siege op Yorktown (1781). 

3. On the 30th of September, "Washington appeared 
before Yorktown at the head of the allied armies. He 
at once commenced the siege, while Count de Grasse 
blockaded the mouth of the York river. Washington 
planted heav}^ artillery, and kept up a tremendous fire 
upon the British works, day and night. Two redoubts 
of the British annoyed the besiegers. A column of 
French attacked one, and a column of Americans the 
other. Both were captured at the point of the bayonet. 

2. Where was Washington's army at this time? How many men? How 
mnny French sokliers had he with him? What plan did Washington form? 
How did he expect the Frencli fleet to assist liim ? Why did not Clinton 
follow VVa8hin2;ton's army? What message did Clinton send to Cornwallis? 

3. When did the siege of Yorktown commence ? Who blockaded the 
York river? What assaults were made by the Americans and French? 
Were they successful ? Relate the attesipt of Cornwallis to escape. 



108 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1781. 

Cornwallis at one time tried to escape. One dark nij^ht 
he commenced carrying his army across the York 
river. His phm was to march away to New York. 
But after he had hiuded part of his army, a terrible 
storm arose, and he could not cross over the remainder. 
So he brought back his soldiers the next day. 

Surrender op Cornwallis (19rH Oct., 1781). 

4. Finally, Lord Cornwallis saw that it was of no use 

for him to fight any longer ; so he agreed to surrender 
his army and his ships. On the 19th day of October, the 
British soldiers marched out, and laid down their arms 
before the allied armies. Seven thousand British sol- 
diers were surrendered, with all their muskets and 
cannon. General Lincoln was selected by Washington 
to receive the sword of Cornwallis, but the latter was 
so much mortified at his defeat, that he did not come 
out himself, but sent General O'llara to give up his 
sword. Just before the British soldiers marched out, 
Washington said to his men: "My boys, let there be 
no insults over a conquered foe. AVhon they lay down 
their arms, don't huzzah ; posterity will huzzali lor 
you." Five days after Cornwallis sun-endered, Sir 
Henry Clinton appeared off the Capes with a large 
fleet and seven thousand troops ; but on hearing of the 
surrender, he returned to New York. This surrender 
closed the War op the Revolution. No more battles 
were fought afterwards. The British saw that they 

4. What did Cornwallip flimlly ajjrce to do? When did the sarrcndpr 
takeplacoy How inniiy Britii'li poldiiTs* were surrciirti-rfd J Did <\irinviUli- 
apneiir ll^m^'l■lf ? Wlimn did Wariliinirton liclcct to rcc-rivi- hin sword? \\'li;it 
did \Vafliiii|,'lon nay to liis iiicii? Wlio appi'tircd offtlic ('apC!< live davH nflir 
till! BurrciidLT? Wlicro did liu ri-tiirii > Wurc any more liattloi* fouirlii iil'iir 
this* Wliy did the Biilioh treat lor peaco f What cities did the British 
soldiers still occupy? 



1779.] TEE REVOLUTION. 109 

could not conquer the Americans, and so they began to 
treat for peace. The British soldiei'S, however, con- 
tinued to hold New York, Charleston, and Savannah, 
until the treaty was made. 

Exploits of John Paul Jones. 

5. During the Eevolutionarj^ War, the Americans 
had no regular navy. Congress, however, gave private 
individuals authority to sail ships under the American 
flag, and to make war on the British vessels. These 
ships were called privateers. John Paul Jones, a brave 
Scotchman, commanded some of these. He captured 
a great many British vessels. Sometimes he even 
sailed into English ports, and destroyed the shipping 
there. The hardest fight he had was with a British 
frigate, called the Sera-pis. Jones's vessel was named 
the Bon Homme Richard. They fought for a long time, 
and finally, Jones saw that his vessel was sinking. He 
had no idea, however, of surrendering. He approached 
the Serapis, and then made his men tie the masts of the 
two ships together. He then kept up his fire into the 
British vessel, until at last her captain surrendered to 
him. The King of Great Britain honored the captain 
of the Serapis so highly for his brave fight that he made 
him a knight. "When Jones heard of it, he said, " If I 
meet him again on the sea, I will make a lord of him." 



5. Had the Americans any navy during this war? How did they make 
war ou the British vessels? What were these ships called? Who com- 
manded one of these? What did he do? With what vessel did he have a 
severe fl'iht? What was the name of the American vessel? Descrihe the 
flight. Wiiat result ? How did the King of Great Britain honor the English 
captain ? What did Jones say ? 



110 history of the united states. [1783. 

Peace is Declared (1783). 

6. The Eritish Government saw at last that they 
could not conquer the American colonies ; so they made 
a treaty with the American Government in November, 
1783. By this treaty, the American colonies were de- 
clared independent, and all the territory on both sides 
of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers was granted to them. 
The last British soldiei's left New York city on the 25th 
of November, 1783. General Washington then marched 
into the city, took down the British flag, and hoisted 
in its place the Stars and Stripes. 

Gen. "Washington Kesigns his Commission (1783). 

7. Congress was in session at Annapolis. General 
Washington went there, and, on the 23d of December, 
1783, resigned his commission as Commander-in-Chief, 
into the hands of Congress. Ho then retired to his 
mansion at Mount Vernon, on the bank of the Poto- 
mac. Many persons wanted him to keep command of 
the army and make himself King ; but ho was a true 
patriot, and, having made his countiy free, he wanted 
the States to govern themselves. Congress disbanded 
the army, and all the soldiers retired peaceably to their 
homes. 

«. When did the UriliBli Government make a treaty with tho AinerlcanB? 
What were tho terms of this treaty ? When did the Briiiuh Boidiers leavo 
New York? 

7. Wliere was Coiiffress in soPHioii? Wlint act dirt Wafliin^ton perfornj y 
Wlioii? Where did lie tlicn K^l' What did nmny i)erson(< wisli him to do If 
Wliy would ho uot agree to thitsf What did CougreBS do with the army 7 



1787.] TEE CONSTITUTION. Ill 

SECTION III. 

Convention Meets at Philadelphia (1787). 

1, It has been seen that the Thirteen Colonies, or 
States, had made a league among themselves in order 
to carry on the war with Great Britain. This League 
remained in force after the war. By this, however, the 
Congress had no power to carry out the laws it made. 
Congress could not even raise money enough to pay the 
debt made in carrying on the war. During the war, they 
had issued paper money, but they were obliged to print so 
much of it, that the money, called " Continental money,'* 
became almost worthless. It took six hundred dollars 
of Continental money to buy a pair of boots 1 In or- 
der to make a better Government, some of the best men 
from each State (except Khode Island) were sent to 
meet in Convention at Philadelphia in 1787 

Struggle for Power between the Sections. 

2. For three months these delagates debated the 
terms of the Constitution. All the States north of 
Maryland and Delaware were called the Free States. 
Ail those south of that line were called Slave States. 
The Free States wanted to have more representatives 
in Congress than the Slave States, so that they could 



1. How had the thirteen States been joined during the war? What was 
the defect of this league? How had noiigress raised money during the war? 
What was this money called? Why did it become almost worthless? How 
much did a pair of boots cost? What was done in order to make a better 
government ? What State did not send delegates ? When did this Conven- 
tion meet ? 

2. What was framed by these delegates? Which States were called 
"Free States"? Which "Slave"? How did the Free States want to get 
power? What part of the Southern population did they waut to leave out in 
counting? What would have been the eflect of this? Did the South agree 
to this? What did the South finally agree to ? Why did she agree to this? 
What other dispute was there in the Convention? What did the small 
States waut ? What, the large ? What compromise was finally made ? 



112 IllSTORY OF THE V NIT ED STATES. [17S7. 

govern the whole country. ITencc, they did not want 
tht' Slave States to count their slaves in their popula- 
tion. By this plan, the South, or Slave States, would 
have very few representatives in Congress. The South 
refused 'to allow this to be done. Finally, the South 
agreed to let only three-fifths of her slaves bo counted 
in the population. The Southern members made thin 
agreement because they thought their section would 
soon have more people than the North. The soil of the 
Southern States was so much more fertile that they 
thought emigrants from I'^urope would settle in the 
South rather than in the North. There was a dis- 
pute also between the small States and the large Status. 
The former wanted to have just as many representa- 
tives in both houses of Congress as the large States; 
whereas the latter wanted each State to be represented 
according to the number of its people. Finally, the 
matter was compromised. Each State in the Senate 
was allowed an equal number of representatives, while 
in the House of Representatives the number from each 
State was fixed according to its population. 

Provisions op the Constitution. 

3. Finally, the Constitution was finished, and the 
Convention adjourned. All the States had to agree to 
it separately before it could become the law of the laiul. 
All the States agreed to it in 1788, except Khodo Island 

S. What was neccfpftry hofore the Conotitnfion could become the law <>r 
the IniidV How many Statt'f nijrecd in 17S8 to adopt this C'oiislitulioii? Wlien 
did North C>iroliiia come into tlic Union V Wlu-u. Klictde Inland? Accordiii!^ 
to tlie C"oni<titution, wliat wne to niaki- tlic laws? What, to cxponnd tini'iy 
Who. to exocuie them 1 How many hranchcc has Con^rress ? lu llic Scii'iic, 
how many mcnibcr« has cacli State y Klcclcd for wl)at time? In I lie Hduho 
of Keprt'fentatives, how is the nunil)i'r of membiTs from each State rcvu- 
laied? Elected for what time? For what time is the Prcsidcut elected!' By 
whom arc the Judges appointed? For what time ? 



17S7.] TEE CONSTITUTION. 113 

and North Carolina. North Carolina did not come into 
the Union until 1789, and Ehode Island in 1790. By 
this Constitution there was to be a Congress to make 
the laws J a Supreme Court to expound them ; and a 
President to execute them. Congress has two branches, 
a Senate, and a House of Eepresentatives. In the 
former, each State has two members, elected for six 
years; in the latter, each State sends members accord- 
ing to the number of her people, and they are elected 
for two years. The President is elected for four years. 
The Judges are appointed by the President, with the 
consent of the Senate, and hold their office daring life, 
or good behavior. 



BEVIEW QUESTIONS ON PART 11. 

PAGE. 

1. "What was the cause of the American Revolution ? 77 

2. How was Great Britain unjust to the Colonies? 77 78 

3. What was the Stamp Act? Wlien passed? 78 

4. How did Virginia oppose the Stamp Act? 78 79 

6. What was done by the Stamp Act Congress? 79 

6. State the reason why the Stamp Act was repealed 79 

7. Give the history of the Tea Tax 80 

8. State wliat was done by the Congress in 1774 81 

9 Give an account of the Battle of Lexington 81 82 

10. Of the capture of Ticonderoga 82 83 

11. Of the Battle of Bunker's Hill 83 84 

12. Give an account of the invasion of Canada 85 8'i 

13. Of the evacuation of Boston 86 

14. Of the attack on Fort Moultrie 87 88 

15. When was the Declaration of Independence passed? 88 

IG. State the movements by which New York was taken 89 

17. Give an account of the reti-eat through New Jersey 89 

18. Of the Battle of Trenton 90 

19. Of the Battle of Princeton 90 91 

20 What were the main provisions of the "Articles of Confeder- 
ation"? 91 



114 HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. 

PACE. 

21. Give an account of tlie Rattle of Brandywlne 91 02 

22. Of the buttle of Germuntown It2 

23. Rehite the history of IJurj^oyiie's inviusiou 93-91 D.j 

21, Ueliite the murder of Miss McCreu 91 

25. What nation entered into an alliance with the United States? 

When? 06 

20. What terms of peace did Great Britain offer in 1778 7 90 

27. Give an account of tlie Battle of Monmouth 97 

28. Of the expedition tried Ijy Massachusetts 98 99 

29. Of tlie assault on Savannah !^9 

30. Of tlie surrender of Cliarleston, and operations of Cornwallis...99 100 

31. State what is said about Marlon and Sumpter 100 

32. Give an account of the Battle of Camden 100 101 

3S. Of the Battle of Kings Mountain 101 

31. Give the history of the treason of Benedift Arnold 101-102 103 

35. Whom did Congress put in command at the South? 101 

36. Give an account of the Battle of Cowpens 101 

37. Describe the retreat through theCarollmxs 105 

38. Give an account of the battles by which Greene recovered South 

Carolina 105 lOS 

39. Give an account of the operations of Coniwallis in Virginia... 106 

40. Give the history of the capture of the army of Coniwallis 107 108 

41. Relate the exploits of John Paul Jones 109 

42. What were the terms of peace? When declared? 110 

43. State the conduct of Washington at the close of the war 110 

44. What were the defects of the Articles of Confederation? Ill 

45. Give the history of the Convention of 17S7 Ill 112 

40. State some of tlio provisions of the Constitution 112 113 



1791.] WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 115 



PART III. 

FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TEE UNITED 
STATES TO THE GREAT SECTIONAL WAR. 



1789 — 186 1. 



CHAPTER I. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF WASHINGTON, ADAMS, AND JEFFER- 
SON. 1789-1809. 



SECTION I. 
Washington Elected President (1789). 

1. "Washington was elected first President. When he 
had served four years, he was elected again. After the 
Government was formed, Congress agreed to pay all the 
debts made by the States during the Revolution. Money 
affairs began to improve then, and the people to pros- 
per. 

Land ceded to the United States (1791). 

2. In 1791, North Carolina gave to the United States 
all her land lying west of the State. New York also 
gave Vermont. The United States Government paid 
her thirty thousand dollars for this territory. 

First Census (1791). 

3. In 1791, the first census was completed. There 
were three million nine hundred and twenty-nine thou- 

1. Who was elected first PresideDt? At the end of four years, who was 
elected? After the Government was formed, what debts did Congress agree 
to pay ? What eflect did this have? 

2. What laud did North Carolina cede to the United States in 1791? 
What, New Yoriv ? What did Congress pay for Vermont ? 

3. What was the population of the United States by the census of 1800 ? 
How many slaves? 



116 mSTUUY OF TUB UyiTED UTATKS. [1792. 

Band people in the United States then. Of tliom, six 
hundred and nincty-fivo thousand were slaves. 

Indian War (1791). 

4. The Indians in the West were badly treated by 
the whites, and hence, they avenged themselves by 
killing and scalping many of the settlers. Washington 
sent two armies against them, but the Indians surprised 
them, and killed nearly all the soldiers. Finally, Wash- 
ington sent General Wayne, a brave officer who had 
fonght well in the Revolution. The leader of the In- 
dians was called ^^ Little Turtle." He told his warriors 
that they had better make peace. " We shall not sur- 
prise them, now," said he, "for Black Snake never 
sleeps." The Indians called Wayne "Black Snake." 
The warriors would not make peace, however. So 
Wayne attacked them, and killed a great number. He 
drove the remainder further west, and built forts to 
keep them from the settlements. 

Virginia cedes Territory (1792). 

5. In 1792, Virginia gave to the United States Gov- 
ernment all the large tract of land extending out to the 
Mississippi river. Kenlucky is part of this. Kentucky 
was then made a State. 



4. What 1b paid of the IiidiftiiB In the West ? What \va<> the rosult of tho 
first two erpc(litioii!< sent iiL'iiin;?t I'em ? Whom did Wiisliiiiirloii finally 
Bend ? Wliy did the Indian ^■\\\^.■( now advlsi- peace? Did tlie warrlorn tako 
his advice? What wan the result of the ballle? What did \Nayne ttieu do? 

5. What tract did Virj;iuia cede to the Uuiled bialeBj Whcuf What 
State was tbcu adinittea^ 



1777.1 ken tuckt. 117 

Settlement of Kentucky (1775). 

6. The first permanent settlement in Kentucky (" the 
Dark and Bloody Ground ") was made by Daniel Boone. 
This remarkable man, accompanied by five companions, 
set out from North Carolina, in 1769, and explored 
Kentucky. After spending two years in that country, 
hunting and trapping, and having many perilous en- 
counters with the Indians, Boone returned to North 
Carolina. He was so much pleased with the new 
country that he collected a band of emigi-ants, moved 
to Kentucky, and, finally, settled on the Kentucky 
river (1775). He called the place Bbonsboro, and built 
a fort there for the protection of the settlers. The 
number of the settlei's was increased, in 1777, by the 
arrival of Colonel Bowman at the head of one hundred 
Virginians. The Indians called the latter the "Long 
Knife," and feared them very much. 

The Indians attack Boonsboro. 

7, The Indians attacked' the settlers wherever they 
thought they could gain an advantage. Once they 
appeared before Boonsboro in large numbers, and de- 
manded a surrender of the fort. Boone asked for two 
days' time to consider the question. In that time he 
collected provisions, and made every preparation for a 
sharp resistance. He then told the savages to take the 
place if they could. The Indians then tried a stratagem. 
They said they would retire without fighting, if some 



6. What is the meaning of" Kentucliy"? Who made the first settlement 
in Kentucky ? lu what State did Boone live at first? When did he explurc 
Kentucky ? What did he do on his return to North Carolina ? V.'here did 
he and hiB party settle in Kentucky? How was the number of settlers in- 
orcaBcd in 1717? What did the Indians call the Virginians ? 

7. Did the Indians make war upon the settlers ? Give au account of their 
attack upon Boonsboro. 



118 HISTORY OF TUB UNITED STATES. 

men would come out of the fort and make a treaty with 
them. Boone agreed to the proposal. Nine men went 
out and met the Indians about sixty yards from the 
fort. The treaty was agreed upon and signed. The 
Indians then said that it was customary among them, 
in making a treaty, for two Indians to shake hands 
with every white man in the party. The whites agreed 
to this, but the Indians tried to drag them away. There 
was a desperate struggle, and, finally, the whites escaped 
safely to the fort, only one being wounded in the fight. 
The Indians then attacked the fort on all sides, but were 
repulsed. They next tried to dig a mine under the fort, 
but the whites counter-mined, and the Indians, perceiv- 
ing this, gave up the attempt, and withdrew. 

Indian Warfare in Kentucky. 

8. In order to give some idea of the fights which 
the early settlers of Kentucky had with the Indians, 
we will relate an incident that occurred. A band of 
Indians had invaded one of the settled districts. One 
of the savages, in advance of his party, entered a house 
in which there were a negro man, a white woman, and 
her children. The savage at once seized the negro, but 
the latter was too strong for him, and threw him down. 
While they were struggling, the woman seized an axe 
and cut the Indian's head off. The other savages came 
up at this time, and tried to break the door down with 
their tomahawks. The brave woman seized an old gun- 
barrel, without any lock, put it out through an opening 
in the wall of the hut, and so frightened the savages 



N. Give an nrcnunt of the brave defence made by a white woman when 
attacked by the ludiaun. 



1794.] KENTUCKY. 119 

that they withdrew. A party of men soon collected 
from the neighboring houses, and drove the Indians 
back into the forest. 

Peace with the Indians (1782). 

9. The Indians continued to annoy the settlers, until 
at last Boone, assisted by General Clark, commanding 
at the Falls of the Ohio, invaded their settlements, and 
destroyed their houses and corn. The Indians then 
begged for peace, which was granted them. At the 
the council the Indian Chief, Piankashaw, said: "We 
plant the tree of peace, that God may spread branches, 
so that we can all be secured from bad weather. You 
see. Father, we have buried the tomahawk; and now 
as one people we smoke out of your pipe. "We are now 
a poor people. God, we hope, will help us ; and our 
Father, the Long Knife, will have pity and compassion 
on our women and children." After this treaty, the 
settlers in Kentucky were not much disturbed by the 
Indians. 

Slave Trade Abolished (1794). 

10. In 1778, Virginia had passed a law to prevent 
persons from bringmg negroes from Africa and selling 
them in her limits. So much money, however, was 
made by this trade, that the New England vessels still 
kept it up, though contrary to law. Finally, Congress 
passed a law, in 1794, to have this trade stopped. 

9. Who assisted Boone against the Indians ? What did they do in the 
Indian settlements? What was the result of this expedition? Were the 
settlers in Kcatiicky troubled after this? When was this treaty made ? 

10. What law did Virtrinia pass in 1778? Who etill kept up the traffic? 
When did Congress stop this trade ? 



120 history of the united states. [i7jh. 

Tennessee Admitted (1796). 

11. In 1796, Tennessee was admitted as a State into 
the Union. The name is the same as that given by the 
Indians to its principal river, and signifies in their hm- 
guage a " curved spoon." Tennessee at first belonged 
to North Carolina,- but was ceded by that State to the 
United States in 1789. It was first settled in 17G5. In 
1771, the inhabitants of western North Carolina were 
treated so cruellj- by the British Governor of the colony, 
that many of them removed with their families to Ten- 
nessee. Fort Loudoun was the first fort erected by the 
settlers within the limits of this State, and was located 
on the Tennessee river in what is now called East 
Tennessee. Tennessee was included within the limits 
of the Territory established by Congress in 1791 called 
the " Territory of the United States south of the Ohio." 

Washington's "Farewell." 

12. After Washington had served eight years as Presi- 
dent, the people wanted to elect him again. He refused, 
however, and determined to retire from public life. 
Upon withdrawing from office, he published a "Fare- 
well Address." In this, he called on his countrymen to 
obey the laws strictly; to show good faith and justice 
to each other; and to look upon religion and morality 
as the pillars of human happiness. He then retired to 




as firft 



move lo J ciiucBfii'c ju iiii iiuiu i^uiiii t^iiiuiuiii I >i iiiii loi i was urci 
erected? Wlure located? To what Territory did Tcunessee belong before 
ehe became a Statu? 

12. How iii.-iiiy years was Washington Prppi'leiit? WaF ho wlUIn? to 
Bcrve any IoulcitY What i.(l\ ice did lie l'Ivc hit* cDUiitrynicn in hiH " fantwell 
addreBs"? Where did he live till the cloeo of hiu life? Where did he die? 
How were the people aflected '. 



1801.] ADAMS AND JEFFERSON. 121 

Mount Vernon, where he lived the rest of his life. Ha 
died there in 1799, on the 14th of December. All the 
people were filled with soi*row at this sad event, for 
they looked upon him as the " Father of his Country." 



SECTION 11. 
O'onN Adams becomes President (1797). 

1, After Washington withdrew from office, John 
Adams, of Massachusetts, became President. Before 
bis death, General Washington, by the direction of 
Congress, had selected a site for the Capital of the 
United States. It was called VYashington, in honor 
of its founder. It is located on the left bank of the 
Potomac, about one hundred miles from the mouth of 
the river. Virginia and Maryland gave the United 
States one hundred square miles around this point. 
Afterwards, the land on the right bank was given back 
to Virginia. Congress commenced holding its meetings 
at Washington in 1800. 

Jefperson becomes President (1801). 

2. la 1801, Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, became 
President of the United States. He was the writer of 
the Declaration of Independence. While he was 
President, the United States bought Louisiana from 



1. Who became the eccond President? When? Who selected the site 
for the capital of the United States? Where is it located? What States 
gave this territory to the United States ? What part was afterwards ceded 
back ? When did Congress first meet at Washiiio-tou ? 

S. Whfl became third President? When? O? what was he the author? 
What tract of country was bought by the United States during his adminis- 
u-atiou? What amount was paid for it? What was the extent of this 
territory? 



122 mSTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. [1801. 

Franco for fifteen millions of dollars. The territory 
thus bought not only included the present State of 
Louisiana, but also all the land between the Mississippi 
river and the Pacific Ocean, 

War with TRiroLi. 

3. In 1801, the United States declared war against 
Tripoli. This is a countiy on the northern coast of 
Africa, and its ruler was called Bey. The Dey of 
Tripoli used to send vessels out into the Mcditeiranean 
Sea and capture American vessels. All those found on 
board were taken to Tripoli and made slaves. The 
United States complained of this, but the Dey would 
not stop the practice. Finally, the United States sent 
a fleet to blockade the port at Tripoli. While this fleet 
was there, the Philadelphia, the largest vessel of tho 
fleet, ran aground in the hai'bor. A largo number of 
Tripolitan gunboats then attacked this ship, and it was 
obliged to surrender. 

Gallant Act op Lieutenant Decatur. 

4, Lieutenant Decatur, a brave young American 
officer, determined to burn tho Philadelphia in order 
to prevent the Tripolitans from using her. So, one dark 
night, he went on board a small schooner, with seventy 
men, and sailed into the harbor. When ho reached 
the Philadelphia, he and his men climbed up her sides, 
and killed or captured all on board. lie then set fire 
to the ship, and returned, without having lost a single 



Jl. Acftlnst what povcrriTTient wna war rtcclnrcd by the ITnitcd States in ISOl ? 
w'li'crc is Tripoli? Wlint wnc tin' cinise olthis war? Wliat port was l)locli- 
ttdod? Hclatotlic capture of tlioy'AiA/</«/Mw. 

4. Rchue ttie t,'ulliibt feat purloruud liy Dccator. >\ny did tho Ucy 
agree to make peace ? What ierm» did he ngrec to ? 



1809.] MADISON'S ADMINISTBATION. 123 

man. After this, the Americans sent a force to attack 
Tripoli by land. The Dey then agreed to make peace. 
He delivered up all his slaves, and promised not to disturb 
American vessels afterward. 



CHAPTEE II. 

MADISON'S ADMINISTBATION, AND THE WAR WITH GREAT 
BRITAIN. 



SECTION I. 

James Madison becomes President. 

1. In 1809, James Madison, of Virginia, became 
President of the United States. While ho was Presi- 
dent, the United States had another War with Great 
Britain. It was brought about in the following man- 
ner: Great Britain was carrying on a war with 
Napoleon Bonaparte, who was Emperor of France. 
The British had a great many vessels, and were block- 
ading the ports of France, in order to prevent the 
French from getting assistance from other nations. 
The British Government declared that no vessels from 
foreign nations should go into the French ports. 
They also claimed the right for their ships to stop any 
American vessel they met at sea, and to take away any 
of the American crew whom they might think to be 
citizens of Great Britain. The British captains did 
this in several instances. The American. Government 
determined to protect its citizens ; and as the British 



1. Who became the fonrth Presidyit? When? What war occurred 
during hiis administration ? State the cause of this war. When was wai 
declared ? 



124 HISTOUY OF TUE VXI I'ED STATES. [1812. 

Government would not change its orders, the Unitod 
States declared war. This was done on the 12th of 
June, 1812. 

New EiNOLAND Opposes the War. 

2, In the New England States, nearly all the people 
were opposed to the war with Great Britain. They 
had a great many vessels on the ocean, and they wore 
afraid these vessels would be captured by the British. 
The Americans had only one hundred and eighty-five 
war vessels, while the British had more thau one 
thousand. 

Hull's Campaign (1812). 

3. Canada at that time, as now, belonged to Great 
Britain. The Americans formed a plan to invade 
Canada at three points, viz. : Detroit, Niagara, and by 
way of Lake Clianiplain. Ail these armies were then 
to unite, and march upon Montreal, an important town 
on an island in the St. Lawrence river. General Hull 
was in command of the American army which was to 
invade at Detroit. lie crossed over into Canada on the 
12th of July, 1812. He then published a grand procla- 
mation, calling on the Canadians to join his army. 
The Canadians did not, however, join him. The Britisli 
collected a small army and marched against Hull. Tiiis 
frightened bin), and so he came back with his army to 



2. What StatiB oppopcfl this war? Why? How many naval vcesels had 
the Uiiitfd MiiHtn? IIdw niiiny hurt Ureal niitaiii? 

S. What invaHioii wa;* iilaniii-d by thf AniLTican Gnvcrnmont? At what 
pointsl' Wliai city were thtfo ainiicB til attack? Wliero is Niap;ftrii? (See 
map fnciii'^' p. f*v ) Where )b Lake Chtimplain ? Montreal r Who rom- 
nruided 1)70 Aiiiericau army at Detroit? What movement did he make? 
What proclamation? Did the Canadians join him ? Why did ho retreat to 
Detroit? Who conunnnded th<" Urilifli ? N\hat movement did he make? 
What advantauei* had Hull? Why did Hull Burreuder? What hecamu of 
Hull afLerwardB? 



1812.] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 125 

Detroit. General Brock, the commander of the British, 
then crossed over his army, and mai'chcd upon Detroit. 
When he arrived in front of Hull's army, he demanded 
the surrender of it. Hull had more men than the 
British, and they were eager to fight, and had a strono- 
position. Hull, however, was afi'aid that, if the British 
should boat him, the Indians would get his scalp. The 
Indians were fighting on the side of the British during 
this war. Hull drew his men uj) in line, made them 
stack arms, and surrendered them all to the British be- 
fore they knew what he was going to do. When he 
was exchanged, the President had him tried by court- 
martial. He was declared guilty of cowai'dice, and 
sentenced to be shot. However, as he was an old man, 
the President simply had him turned out of the army. 

Operations at ISTiagara (1812). 

4r. The Americans were not more successful this 
year, at other points. Part of the army, on the Niagara 
river, was crossed over into Canada, but the remainder 
of the soldiers refused to go over. So the British at- 
tacked those that had crossed, and killed or captured 
every man of them. No attempt was made to invade 
Canada by way of Lake Champlain, as was intended. 

Conduct op Massachusetts and Connecticut. 

5. In order to get soldiers to carry on the war. Presi- 
dent Madison was authorized by Congress to call on the 
State Governments to furnish troops. Massachusetts 



4. What occurred at Niagara? Was Canada invaded from Lake Cham- 
plain ? 

5. What authority did Congress give President Madison ? What States 
refused to furnish troops ? Why ? 



126 UISTOBY OF THE UNITED STAT£il. [1SI3. 

and Connecticut refused to furnish their share of ti'oops 
when they were called on for them by President Madi- 
son. They said that they did not want the war to go 
on, and that they were better judges of its necessity 
than Congress was. 



SECTION II. 
Campaign op 1813. 

1, The Americans had three armies at the beginninec 
of the campaign of 1813. One, called the Army of the 
Northwest, was located at the head of Lake Erie, and 
was commanded by General IIaruison. The second, 
called the Army of the Centre, commanded by General 
Dearborn, was between Lakes Ontario and Erie. The 
third, called the Army of the North, under the command 
of General IlAMnoN, was on the shores of Lake Cham- 
plain. 

General IIarrison's Operations (1813). 

2. Part of General IIarrison's army was stationed at 
Fort Defiance, and was commanded by General Win- 
chester. About the middle of January, General Win- 
chester advanced towards Detroit, At Frenchtown, on 
the river Eaisin, ho was attacked by a largo force of 
British and Indians, commanded by Colonel Proctor. 
After a hard fight, General Winchester agreed to sur- 
render, if the Indians would not bo allowed to kill his 
troops when they became prisoners. Proctor agreed to 

1. Wliftt were the iiamofl of tho three American (irmino nt the beplniiintr 
Of the campniKii of 1813? Where was each located ? By whom commaiKkil? 

2. Where was part of Ilarrisoirs army stalioncd ? Relate what took place 
at Freuchtowu. what bocarae of the prisout ra ? 



f813.3 MADISOJTS ADMINISTRATION. 127 

this. After the surrender, however, he put the prisoners 
under the charge of the Indians in the rear, and more 
than five hundred of them were massacred. This hor- 
rible act roused the Americans, and made many a brave 
man shoulder his rifle and join the army. 

Siege of Fort Meigs (1813), 

3, After this disaster, General Harrison placed his 
army at the Rapids of the Maumee. Here he built a 
fort, calling it Fort Meigs. Proctor appeared before 
the fort, in April, at the head of two thousand British 
and Indians, and called upon General Harrison to sur- 
render. Harrison told him to take the fort, if lie could. 
Proctor then commenced a siege, and shelled the fort 
furiously. The Indians did their part, too. Every 
time they saw the head of an American soldier above 
the rampart, they let fly a bullet at him. They were 
such good marksmen that the Americans did not ven- 
ture to expose themselves often. However, Proctor 
could not capture the fort. While he was besieging it, 
he was attacked on one side by the garrison, who came 
out of the fort, and on the other, by General Clay, at 
the head of about eleven hundred Kentuckians. Proc- 
tor beat General Clay badly, but General Harrison suc- 
ceeded in damaging his cannon and works around the 
fort. This discouraged the Indians so much that they 
would hot stay with the British any longer, and so 
Proctor had to give up the siege. 



3. What fort did Harrison build? Where? Who attacked him? Relate 
the incideuts of the siege. How was Proctor attacked? Why did Proctor 
give up the siege? 



128 lu^Tony of tuk united states. [isis. 

Gallant Defence by Major Croohan (1813). 

4r. Dui-ing the summer of this year, Proctor made an 
attack on Fort Stephenson, on the Sandusky river. 
This fort was commanded by Major Croghan, a gallant 
American officer, only twenty-two years old. Proc- 
tor had thirteen hundred British and Indians, and 
many cannon. Croghan had only one hundred and 
sixty men, and one cannon. However, ho determined 
to defend the fort to the last. Proctor cannonaded it 
until he made a breach in the walls, and then ordered 
an assault. But the Americans met them at the open- 
ing with their rifles and little cannon, and kept up such 
a sharp fire, that Proctor's soldiers were driven back. 
At one time, eighty of the British leaped oyer the 
pickets into the ditch, but these were all killed or cap- 
tured. Proctor was so much frightened at his defeat, 
that he retreated quickly, leaving behind all his wounded, 
and his dead unburied. 

Perry's Yictory (1813). 

5. General Ilarrition had been prevented from march- 
ing upon Detroit because the British fleet had control 
of Lake Erie. Commodore Perry removed this ob- 
stacle. Ho had succeeded in building a fleet in a harbor 
of Lake Erie, and, finally, set out to hunt up the British 
fleet. The two fleets met in Lake Erie, about forty 
miles from Detroit. The British had six vessels, carry- 
ing sixty-nine cannon; while the Americans had nine 

4. Where was Fort Stcphei eon? Who commanded thcref Give an 
account of the pickc of thii* fort. 

5. Why had not iliinitidii iniirrlicd npon J)cfri)it? Who removed this 
obHtacle'/' Where did tlie two fleets meet ? How miiny vcbi^cIh and cauuoD 
hnd the ISritish)' Uuw many bad the Americauti ? Uivc au account of the 
battle, lic^jilt? 



1S13.] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 129 

vessels with only fiftj^-six cannon. At the beginning 
of the fight the Detroit and Queen Charlotte, the two 
largest of the British vessels, attacked the Lawrence. 
Commodore Perry was on board the Lawrence. The 
British vessels, finally, disabled the Lawrence. The 
gallant Commodore, however, got into an open boat, 
and rowed over to the Niagara, amid a perfect tempest 
of balls. He then raised his flag on the Niagara, and 
continued the fight. After fighting till four o'clock in 
the evening, the whole British fleet surrendered. Com- 
modore Perry wrote to General Harrison : " We have 
met the enemy, and they are ours." 

Battle op the Thames (5th Oct., 1813). 

6, This victory was of great advantage to the Ameri- 
cans. General Harrison put his army on board the fleet, 
and crossed over into Canada to attack Fort Maiden, 
Proctor, however, abandoned the fort and retreated. 
The British also reti-eated from Detroit into Canada. 
Harrison pursued them, and overtook the British, under 
Proctor, at a Moravian village, on the Thames, about 
eighty miles from Detroit. Proctor's line of battle 
reached from the riverto a swamp. The Indians, under 
Tecumseh, their great chief, held the swamp. Colonel 
Johnson, at the head of the mounted Kcntuckians 
charged the British line, broke through, and formed in 
their rear. Pi'octor himself escaped with a few 
dragoons, but nearly all the remainder of his soldiers 
surrendered. The Indians still held out. Again the 

6. What movement did Harrison now make? Where did he overtake 
Proctor? Who commauded the ludiaus ? Give an accouut of the battle. 
What became of Proctor ? Tecumseh ? W^ere there any more battles foutrht 
in the West? Where did Harrison leave oue thousand men? Where did he 
take the remaiuder of his army ? 

7* 



130 HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. [18i:i. 

brave Kcntuckians charged. The Indians fought 
bravely. Finally, Colonel Johnson determined to kill 
Tecumseh in order to discourage the Indians. So he 
rode straight towards him, and, just as Tecumseh fired 
and killed his horse, Johnson shot Tecumseh dead with 
his pistol. The Indians then surrendered, or escaped. 
This battle closed the war in the West. General Har- 
rison left one thousand men at Detroit; sent a great 
part of his volunteei's to their homes; and went with 
the remainder of his army to join the Ai'my of the Centre, 
at Buffalo, New York. 



CHAPTER III. 

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, AND TIIK WAR WITH GRKAT 
BRITAIN (CONTINUED). 



SECTION I. 

Capture op York (1813). 

1, In October, 1812, the Americans commenced build- 
ing a fleet at Sackett's Harbor, on Lake Ontario. By 
the spring of 1813, the fleet was completed, and Com- 
modore Chauncey was put in command of it. He soon 
gained entire possession of Lake Ontario. General Dear- 
born then put his array of six thousand men on board 
transports, and sailed across the Lake, Ho landed 
them near York, the capital of Upper Canada. The 
British bad a large amount of military stores at this 

1. Where did the Amcrlcane commonco buildin? a fleet In 1812 ? Where 
ill S.ickctt'f" Harbor? (See ran|) fncins p. 82 ) Wlmt ndvnntnj;e did Commo- 
do:c Cliniincey L'liin witli tliii' lluct in 1813? What moviiiiout did Dearborn 
then nuikuf What town did lie attack? Give an account of the attack. 
What American ofllcer wae killed? Where did Dcarboru theu carry his 
army t 



1813-] MADISON'S ADMINISTBATION. 131 

place. General Dearborn resolved to capture it. He, 
accordingly, advanced, General Pike commanding the 
vanguard of the army. This General bravely attacked 
the British fortifications, drove the enemy from their 
outer works, and was advancing towards the main de- 
fences. The British, at this moment, set fire to their 
magazine, containing five hundred bai-rels of gunpowder. 
The explosion was terrible. More than one hundred 
Americans were thrown into the air. A falling stone 
struck General Pike on the head and mortally wounded 
him. He, however, called to his men to "move on, and 
avenge iheir General." They charged on, and captured 
the town, and all the British arm3^ General Pike's 
body was wrapped in the captured flag, and buried. 
Genei-al Dearborn then dcstroj-ed the British stores, 
and, afterward, sailed to the Niagara river, and landed 
his army. 

Capture op Fort George (1813). 

2. The British had two forts on the Niagara river. 
Fort George was near Lake Ontario ; and Fort Erie was 
near Lake Erie. General Dearborn determined to at- 
tack Fort George. He, accordingly, sent across a strono- 
force, under Colonel Winpield Scott. Colonel Scotc 
assaulted the fort and captured it. Afterwards, the 
British evacuated Fort Erie. The Americans followed 
the British into Canada, but were, finally, driven back 
with considerable loss. 



2. What forte had the British on the Niagara? Which did Dearborn 

attack? Who led the attack? What result? What fort did the British 
then evacuate ? Relate the movements afterwards. 



132 niSTUUY OF TUE INITED STATES. [18l». 

British attack Sackett's Harbor (1813). 

3. After General Dearborn had left Sackett's Harbor, 
Sir George Prevost, the British commander in Can- 
ada, landed about one thousand men near that place, 
and advanced upon it. General Brown had a few 
regulars, and one thousand New York militia to miard 
the place. When the British came in sight, the militia 
fired one volley in the air, and then took to their heels. 
The regulars fought bravely, retreating gradually to- 
wards the town. General Brown, in the meanwliile, 
collected about one hundred militia, and marched them 
around towards the rear of the British. Prevost, think- 
ing this was a fresh army coming to attack him, re- 
treated to his vessels, and sailed away. Lieutenant 
Chauncey, an American oflScer, thought the British 
were sure to take the place, and, hence, set fire to the 
store-houses and barracks, and did as much damage as 
the British could have done, even if they had been 
victorious. 

Advance towards Montreal (1813). 

4. The American Generals now planned an attack 
upon Montreal. General Wilkinson (who succeeded 
General Dearborn) was to advance down the St. Law- 
rence, and meet an army, under General Hampton, from 
Plattsburg. They were then to go forward and eaptiire 
Montreal, before winter set in. When General Wilkin- 
son reached St. Regis, however, he received a message 

3. Wlio commatifled ttic Britiph in Canada ? What place did ho attaclc? 
Relate tlic aduir. Wluit (Iiiniii^'f was doiio by Li('Uti.'nniit Clmuiicey? 

4. Wlint city did the American (leuiTnls now plan toattacli? Wlio liad 
encceeded Dearlxirii ? Wlio conininiided at lMalti<l)urt,'!' Wliere in i'lailn- 
l)nrn? (See map facing p. ><'2.) Wluit was the plan of the canij)aif,'n y Wliat 
place did Will^iuson reacli t Where in St. Ke^fis? Why did uo\ the cauiT 
paign BuccccdV Where did the two armies winter ? 



1813.] MADISON'S ADMISIsTMATlUN. 133 

from General Hampton that he could not join him. So 
he had to give up the expedition. He then put his 
array in winter-quarters at French -Mills; while Hamp- 
ton remained at Plattsburg. 

British Depredations on the Coast op the Southern 
States (1813). 

5. As the people of New England were opposed to 
the war, the British fleet did not disturb their coast. 
At the South, however, where they knew the people 
were very much in favor of the war, they did a great 
deal of damage. Admiral Cockburn landed the British 
marines at many places on the coasts of the Chesapeake 
Bay, and robbed the people, and burned the villages. 
At Frenchtown, on the Elk river, the militia assembled to 
keep back the British. As soon, however, as the mai'ines 
came in sight, away ran the militia. One man, however, 
a brave Irishman, named O'Neil, stood his ground. He 
had an old cannon, and he kept loading it and firing it 
at the marines. At last, it recoiled and ran over his 
leg, laming him seriously. Ho picked up a musket, 
however, and, as he limped away, kept firing it at the 
advancing British. 



SECTION II. 
The Creek War (1813). 

1, During this year, the Indians were very trouble- 
some on the frontier of Geoi^gia. The Creeks inhabited 



5. Why did not the British disturb the New England coast? Why did 
they plunder at the South ? What was done by Admiral Cockburn ? Relate 
the afiair at Frenchtown. 

I. What Indians were troublesome in 1813? Where did they live? Who 
induced them to make war? What fort did they capture? What became 
of the prisoners? 



134 HISTORY OF IHK UNITED STATES. [181*. 

what is now culled Alabama. Tcoumscli, tlio fjreat Indian 
ohief" who was killed at the Bailie of the Thames, liad 
come South at the beginning of the war. He was a great 
orator, and the Indians felt a great reverence for him. 
lie made a speech to the Creeks, and induced them to 
make war on the Americans. Before the Amci'icans 
knew they were in danger, the Creeks attacked and 
captured Fort Minims, on the Alabama river. They 
killed and scalped all that were in the foi't, except seven- 
teen, who managed to make their escape. 

General Jackson defeats the Creeks (1813). 

2. The Americans were roused hy this cruel massacre, 
and thousands of volunteers came forward from Ten- 
nessee and Georgia. General Andrew Jackson was 
put in command of them. Jackson fought the Indians, 
and gained a number of victories. Finally, he attacked 
them at Horse-Shoe Bend (called by the Indians Toho- 
pckn), on the Tallapoosa. Nearly all of the tribe were 
killed. Their leader, Weatherford, then came to beg 
for peace. " There was a time," said he, " when I had 
a choice. I have none now; even hope is ended. Once I 
could animate my warriors ; but I cannot animate the 
dead. They can no longer hear my voice. Their bones 
lie on many battle-fields." Jackson granted him iDcaco. 

Battles near Niagara (1814). 

3. When the campaign of 1814 commenced. General 
Brown was in command of the American army, Ipcated 

2. What States f>erit volnntccrs n;rftinpt. tho rreeks? Who coinmniKled 
Uw^c troop<» ? Was Jackson hiicichcI'iiI in liii* liiUtlcHV Where dif' hi; lliially 
rtcfcal the Iiidiiiii^? Wliat r(!<iillicl froni this batllc ? State what WoathcrH- 
fonl nnid? Did .Jiicki'oii {riant ixace? 

;i. Who conun.'indid the AintTirans near Niajjara? What fort did he 
caidurc? What niuvciucnl did liu then niuke'/ ^lierc did lie defeat tho 
Uritisli y 



1814.] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 135 

near Niagara. On the 2d of July, he crossed the 
Niagara river, and captured Fort Erie. He then ad- 
vanced doMm the left bank of the Niagara, and, on the 
5th of July, he defeated the British army at the mouth 
of Chippewa Creek. 

Battle of Bridgewater (25th July, 1814). 

4, The British army was then reinforced by a large 
force from Fort George, and was commanded by Gen- 
eral Drummond. Many of these British soldiers had 
lately come from Europe, where they had fought and 
conquered Napoleon Bonaparte. General Brown, how- 
ever, was not afraid to fight them. On the 25th of 
July, be attacked them at Bridgewater, near the 
Cataract of Niagara. The battle was long and bloody. 
During the heat of the fight, Scott's brigade was much 
annoyed by a British battery of nine cannon, posted 
on a hill at the head of Lundy's Lane. " Will you cap- 
ture that battery?" said General Eipley to Colonel 
Miller, of the 21st Eegiment. "I will try," was the 
modest answer. He did try, and cajytured it, at the 
point of the bayonet. Around this spot the battle 
raged till long after dark. Four times the British 
charged, but were repulsed eveiy time. The roar of 
the cannon and the rattle of the musketry were heard 
above the sound of the neighboring cataract. Finally, 
the British gave up the fight, and retired from the field. 
Generals Brown and Scott were both wounded in this 



4. How were the British reinforced? Who commancied them? Where 
did fcrowii attack the Briiish? Whcu? Describe tlie bHttlo. Who gained 
the victory? U hat American Generals were wounded r "■ ir, tnolc com- 
raand then? What movement did he make? What dirt he British do'' 
Did they capture the fort? What did the Americans do aui;r the British 
had retired ? 



136 niSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [ISH. 



battle. A few days afterward, General Eiploy, in 
command of the Americans, retired to Fort Erie. The 
British besieged this place for forty-nine days, but failed 
to take it. After they retired, the Americans rcerossed 
the river into New York. 

McDonough's Victory (IItu Sept., 1814). 

5, About this time. Sir George Prevost crossed the 
frontier at the head of 14,000 of " Wellington's In- 
vincihles," and advanced into New York down the 
western shore of Lake Champlain. General Macomb 
had only 5,000 Americans to meet this army. lie, 
however, threw up strong earthworks along the Saranac 
river, and determined to fight the British there. The 
British had also a fleet of seventeen vessels on Lake 
Champlain, under Commodore Downie. The American 
fleet, of fourteen vessels, was commanded by Commo- 
dore McDoNouau. There was a hot fight between 
the two fleets, while the land armies looked on from 
the shore. In two hours and twenty minutes, the 
whole British fleet was either captured or sunk. The 
British then retired with their land army into Canada. 
This ended the fighting on the Canada frontier. 

Capture op WAsniNOTON (24tii Aug., 1814). 

6. Farther South, the British were more successful. 
In August, a largo British fleet sailed up the Patuxent 




ifU mftdo nv mo jjrni-n army f 

«. I'j) wlml river did a British fleet pnil in AiifrtiBt ? Where is the Pntiix- 
11 river ? (See mnp faciii;; p. S-i). How mniiy coldiers were landed ? Who 
miniandcd them? Where ai<l Koch dcrciil l lie Anicrleiui!' ? What citv ilid 

. t _. . D TIM « At*i..it 1^.. ; 1.1....... .l:.i 1... 1.......V t.^... ...1... ■ r.i 



Coniniandcd uieiii f y> nere um imr«n ui-n-iii. i iii; niiii-i ii iiiir i »» iiiii ciiy iiifi 

lie then capture? When? What building's did be burn? For what jjluco 
did he aflerwarda sail ? 



1814.] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 137 



river, in Maryland, and landed five thousand soldiers at 
Benedict. General Eoss, the commander of the British, 
then marched upon Washington City. At Bladensburg, 
he met a small American army, which he easily defeated. 
On the 24th of August, he took possession of Wash- 
ington, and burned the Capitol, the Public Libraiy, and 
all the Government buildings. General Ross then re- 
tired to his fleet, and sailed for Baltimore, saying that 
he intended to capture that city, and winter his troojDs 
there. 

Bombardment op Fort McHenry (IStii Sept., 1814). 

7. He was mistaken in his expectation, however. 
His army was landed on the 12th of September, at 
North Point, and he mai-ched on Baltimore. Sol- 
diers, however, had been collected to resist him. In 
a skirmish with the Americans, General Eoss was killed. 
Colonel Brooke, who succeeded him, then halted the 
army till he could get news from the fleet. The latter 
had sailed on to attack Fort McHenry. This fort was 
two miles from Baltimore, and was garrisoned by one 
thousand Americans, under Major Armistead. There 
were sixteen vessels in the British fleet. These rained 
a perfect storm of shot and bombs into the fort during 
the whole day. The garrison rejjlied gallantly. Fi- 
nally, the British fleet gave up the attack. They then 
took on board their land army, and, soon afterwards, 
left the Chesapeake for the South. 



7. Where did Ross land his army? Where is Baltimore? Where is 
NorthPoint? How far from inaltimore ? Wbat became of Kos3? why did 
the British army halt ? What fort did the fleet attacli ? IIow far is this fort 
from Baltimore ? What was the number of its garrison ? Who commanded 
them? How many vessels were iu the British fleet? Describe the attack. 
What result ? What was finally done by the British ? 



138 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1814. 



CHAPTER IV. 

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. AND THE WAR WITH GREAT 

BRITAIN. 



SECTION I. 

Conduct op New Enqlanders (1814). 

1. The people of the New Eni^land States were still 
very much opposed to the wai". In September (181-i), 
the British invaded East Maine, from Nova Scotia, and 
took possession of nearly half the State, Two-thirds 
of its inhabitants then swore allegiance to the British 
Government. 

" Blue Light Federalists." 

2. Some of the inhabitants along the coasts of New 
England gave important assistance to the British ships 
blockading the harbors. When it was known that a 
United States naval vessel was about to leave a harbor 
and try to get out to sea, information of the attempt 
was conveyed to the blockading vessels by raising blue 
lights as signals. In this manner the United States was 
retained in the harbor at New London, Connecticut. 

Hartford Convention C1814). 

3. At Hartford, in Connecticut, there assembled on 
the 15th of December, 1814, the celebrated Hartfoku 
Convention. This Convention was composed of dele- 



1. What State was invnded by the British in 1814? How did the people 
of Maine l>chave? 

2. How did the New Enijlniulcrs on the const aid the British? What 
U. 8. vcHsel was thus licpt in harbor? 

."l. Whore did a Convt'iilion of New Enfrlandcrs assemble? When? Who 
appointed dflcfiates to thin Convention ? Did this Convention meet in open 
session ? What was done by it ? When were these delegates to meet again? 
What did they intend to do at that time ? Why did they not meet? 



1815.] MADISON'S- ADMINISTRATION. 139 

gates appointed by the State Legislatures of Massachu- 
setts, Ehode Ishmd, and Connecticut ; and, also, some 
^ected by counties in New Hampshire and Vermont. 
These were in secret session for three weeks. They 
then published an address, finding fault with the United 
States Government, and recommending seven amend- 
ments to the Constitution. When they adjourned, they 
agreed to meet again in June, 1815. They intended at 
tliat meeting to separate the New England States from 
the rest of the Union, and set up a government of their 
own. Before that time, however, peace was made, and, 
hence, they did not meet. 

Battle of New Orleans (Sth Jan., 1815). 

4. In December, 1814, the British landed an army 
of fourteen thousand men near New Orleans, Louis- 
iana. General Packenham was in command of them. 
He advanced, and camped his army about nine miles 
below the city. General Andrew Jackson commanded 
the American army. He had only six thousand men. 
He, however, determined to resist the British to the 
death. He, accordingly, threw up breastworks (com- 
posed partly of bales of cotton), about one thousand 
yards long. They reached from the Mississippi river 
to a deep swamp. So the British were obliged to at- 
tack him in front. The British advanced to the attack 
in two dense columns. Some of the men carried fas- 
cines for filling the ditches, and ladders for scaling the 



4. Whore did the British army land in December, 1814 ? What number? 
Who commanded them ? Who commanded the Americans ? How many meu 
had he? What defences had Jackson's army ? Describe the battle. When 
fought? Where is New Orleans? (Sec map facing p. 87.) What was the 
result of the battle? How many meu did the British lose? Americans? 
Were there any more battles fought during this war ? 



140 UISTVRY OF THE VHITED STATEK [ISI.-J. 

ramparts. The Americans calmly awaited their ap- 
proach, till they came within easy range. They then 
poured upon the British such a storm of balls froril 
cannon and rifles that they wero obliged to retreat. 
General Packenham tried to rally them, but was killed 
in the act. Again the enemy advanced, and again the 
carnage in their ranks compelled them to retire. Many 
of the Americans were Western hunters, and whenever 
their rifles cracked, down went a British soldier. Fi- 
nally, the British made a third and last assault. Headed 
by their brave officers, they charged up to the ditch, 
and some even mounted the ramparts. But the gallant 
defenders still kept up their deadly and unceasing fire. 
Almost every shot killed its man. At last, discouraged 
by the death of their comrades, and the loss of their 
commanders, the British retreated in great disorder. 
The British lost in this battle, nearly twenty-six hun- 
dred men. The Americans lost oid}^ seven killed, and 
six wounded. The British retreated to their vessels, 
and soon after embarked, and sailed away. This was 
the last battle fought on land during the war. 



SECTION II. 

Naval Battles (1812-1815). 

1. Many battles were fought at sea during this war. 
Only some of the most important will bo mentioned. 
The British had a great many war vessels. In fact, 
their navy was so large, and their sailors so brave, that 



1. Why did the British expect to heat the AmerlcaiiB at Bcaf Why were 
the Americans sometimes sacccseful ? 



1813.] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 141 

no nation had been able to beat them at sea. They, 
accordiogly, expected to beat the Americans every time 
they met them. But they were mistaken. The Ameri- 
cans, it is true, did not have many war vessels, but they 
had brave sailors, and good oflScers. 

The Guerreire Captured (19th Aug., 1812). 

2, In the very first naval battle, the Americans gained 
the victory, In August (1S12), Captain Hull, in com- 
mand of the American frigate Constitution, was cruising 
off the Grand Bank of Newfoundland. He there fell 
in with the British frigate Gueniere, commanded by 
Captain Dacres. The latter had often expressed great 
contempt for the American navy, and had challenged 
any vessel of his own class to fight him. As soon as 
the Constitution hove in sight, the English captain com- 
menced firing, and kept it up as the two vessels ap- 
proached each other. Captain Hull, however, waited 
until they came close together, and then gave the order 
to fii'e. Such a storm of balls then struck the British 
vessel that she surrendered in thirty minutes. 

Battle between the Wasp and Frolic. 

3. On the 18th of October (1812), Captain Jones, in 
command of the U. S. sloop-of-war Wasp, attacked the 
British Brig Frolic, Captain Whingates, off the coast 
of North Carolina. The sea was very rough. The 
British fired their cannon when their vessel was risino- 
on the wave, and, hence, their shot only injured the 



2. Describe the battle between the Gutrriire and Constitution. AVhen 
fought? Where? Result? 

3. Describe the battle between the Wasp and Frolic. When fought ' 
Where ? Result ? What became of the Wasp ? " 



142 niSTOUY OF THE UNITED STATES. [ISll. 

sails of the Wasp. The Americans, on the contrary, 
fired as their vessel descended, and every shot struck 
either the hull, or on deck, of the Frolic. In forty- 
three minutes, the British ceased firing. The Ameri- 
cans then boarded, and found only /our men alive and 
unwoundcd on deck. The British lost one hundred out 
of onoliundrcd and twenty men. But the Wasp did 
not get into port. Two hours after her victory, a Brit- 
ish seventy-four-gun ship captured her and her prize. 

Fight between the Chesapeake and Shannon (1813). 

4, On the first of Juno (1813), Captain Lawrence 
was in the port of Boston, with his frigate, the Chesa- 
peake, Captain Brooke, commanding the British 
frigate IShannon, stationed off the port, sent Lawrence 
a challenge to come out and fight him. Captain Law- 
rence accepted the challenge and sailed out. The two 
vessels fired broadside after broadside at each other. 
In a short time, about half the men of the Chesapeake, 
and all her officers, were either killed or wounded. The 
British then boarded, and hauled down her flag. Cap- 
tain Lawi'ence was mortally wounded by the first broad- 
side. He remained on deck, however, and his last order 
was: '^Do7Vt give up the ship ; fight her till she sinks." 

Capture of the Essex (1814). 

5. Commodore David Porter, in command of the 
American frigate Essex, comnioiiced cruising in the 
Pacific Ocean at the beginning of the war. Between 



4. Who commanded the American frifjato Chesapeake f How did his 
battle with the Shannon occur? Wlwre? When? Duecribc the biiltic 
RcHult ? What \va(< the lai-t order of Lawrcuccy 

.1. Who coinniniided the Aiiu'riiaii frij;ale />AV.r / Where did he cruise? 
With what Bucccfis? Where was his vcfscl on March 28th, 1814 f By what 
veaselB was he attacked ? What result? 



1817.] MADISON'S ADMINI8TBATI0N. 143 

that time and the year 1814, he captured British vessels, 
carrjang in all one hundred and seven cannon and three 
hundred and two men. On the 28th of March, 1814, 
he was in the harbor of Valparaiso refitting his vessel, 
which had been damaged by a storm. He was here at- 
tacked by the British frigate Phoebe, and a sloop-of-war. 
Porter kept up the fight until all his officers but one, 
and nearly three-fourths of his crew, were killed or 
wounded. He then suri'endered. 

Peace is Declared (17th Feb., 1815). 

6. The battle of New Orleans was the last of the 
war. In fact, a treaty of peace had been signed before 
this, in Europe. The Senate of the United States 
agreed to this treaty on the 17th of February, 1815, and 
the war ceased. 

Admission op Mississippi (1817). 

7. In 1817, Mississippi was admitted into the Union. 
Its name signifies in the Indian language, the Great 
Father of Waters. The territory now comprising this 
State, together with Alabama, once belonged to Georgia. 
When ceded to the General Government, it was organ- 
ized into the Mississippi Tei'ritory. The first settlement 
in this State was made by the French in 1716, at a 
point on the Mississippi river, where Natchez now 
stands. 

6. When did the Senate agree to a treaty of peace? 

7. When was Mississippi admitted into the Union ? What does the name 
signify ? To what State did this territory first belong ? Into what Territory 
was it first organized? Who made the first settlement iu Missiseippi ? 
Where? When? 



144 HISTORY OF TUB UNITED STATEB. [IS20. 



CHAPTER Y. 
prom monroe to polk, 1817—1846. 

James Monroe, President (1017). 

1. In March, 1817, James Monroe, of Virginia, became 
President of the United States. Two years afterwards, 
the first steamboat crossed the Atlantic Ocean. In the 
same year (1819), the United States bought Florida 
from Spain, giving the latter five millions of dollars. 
They did not, however, get possession of the territory 
before 1821. 

Admission op Alabama (1819). 

2. Alabama was admitted into the Union in 1819. 
As stated above, its territory originally belonged to 
Georgia. The first permanent settlement within its 
limits was made by the Fi'cnch at Mobile. It was the 
scene of the terrible war with the Indians, in 1813 and 
1814 when General Jackson defeated the Creeks in so 
many battles. Alabama signifies in the Indian language. 
Here we rest. 

Missouri Compromise (1820). 

3. At the session of Congress in 1819-20, Missouri 
applied to bo admitted as a State into the Union. The 

1. Who hernme PrcRident In 1R17? What occurred in 1819? What pur- 
chase was made by the United States in this year ? For how much ? N\ hiu 
was poppcpsiiin eiveii ? 

•2. Wlini State was admitted in 1819? To what State dhl the Territory 
formerly belon^r? Who made the flr!<t eettlomcnt in Alabama? When? 
Where ? Wliat battles tooli place in its limits? What does Al'U/nriui siuMiify ? 

3. Wliat State a))i)lied for admission iu seeeiou of 1819-20? Why did the 
Norlheri) iiiemliers rifuse to admit her? What other Stale api>lied nt this 
time? i'iM>n what teiiiis did tlie Southern members gay they would vote 
to admit Maine? What l)ai-;.'ain wan lliially made ? L>id the Southern mem- 
bers Itoep their jiromise? How aid the Northern members hreik theirs? 
How then was lllssouri admitted? 



1S39.] MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 145 

JSTorthern members, however, refused to admit her unless 
slavery was forbidden by her Constitution. There was 
a long debate in Congress about it. While this was 
going on, Maine applied also for admission. The South- 
ei-u members now said they would not vote to admit 
Maine unless the Northern members voted to admit 
Missouri. Finally, they made a bargain to admit Maine 
and Missouri, and afterwards not to admit any State 
north of 36° 30' north latitude, if it allowed slavery in 
its Constitution. The Southern members then, true to 
their promise, voted to admit Maine, and she became a 
State. When the time came, however, to admit Mis- 
souri, nearly all the Northern members broke their 
promise and voted against her admission. However, 
the few who voted with the Southern members were 
enough to make a majority, and Missouri also became 
a State. 

La Fayette's Yisit (^1824). 

4. In 1824, La Fayette, whom we have read about 
in the Eevolutionary War, came on a visit to the United 
States, He was received with much enthusiasm every- 
where by the people. On the 4th of July, 1826, John 
Adams and Thomas Jefferson died. In 1829, General 
Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, became President. He 
succeeded John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, who 
had served as the sixth President. 



4. Who visited the United States In 1824? How was he received? What 
distiuguTshed men died July 4th, 1826? Who became President in 1829? 
Whom did he succeed? 



146 EISTOBT OF TEE UNITED STATES [1832. 



Seminole War. 

5. In 1835, the Seminoles, an Indian tribo dwelling 
in Florida, commenced a war with the United States- 
They were led by a brave chief called Osceola. The 
United States sent troops again&t them, but these wero 
frequently defeated by the Seminoles. Finally, tho 
latter were obliged to beg for peace. It was granted, 
and the tribe was removed to the West. 

Uion Protective TARiFFr 

6. The ])eople of tho Northern States were at this 
time, as well as now, largely engaged in manufacturing. 
They had to pay their workmen higher wages than 
were paid in Europe, llence the Europeans were able 
to send their manufactures over to tho United States 
and sell them at lower prices than tho Northerners. 
Tho latter wanted to compel all tho people of tho United 
States to buy their manufactures. Uence, they tried 
for a long time to get Congress to tax European manu- 
factures so high that they could not bo sold cheaper 
than theirs. Finally, they succeeded, because there 
were more Northern members in Congress than South- 
ern. Tho law they passed was called u Higu Protec- 
tive Tariff. 

Nullification by South Carolina (1832). 

7. The people of tho Southern States were mostly 
engaged in agriculture. They wero obliged to buy 

5. What war hrofto ont lu 1835 f Who was the lender of tt« Seminoles r 
Who were pncceHi?fii! at flrei? What was the final result? Where were 
the Scininoli'H rcmovi-U ? 

«. Whiit were tlic ix-oplo of the Nortlurn Stated enj.'a'red in? Why were 
the Kiiropcnii niaiiiiriK'iiireri* able to uiuUTi;ell the Northern? What old the 
liiitcr wiini ? How did tlicj try to accomplish thin? Why did they Buccced ? 
WImt wiiH lliin law called ? 

7. \Vli:it were the people of the Sonthetn States entiau'i'd in? What 
wrrr tlicy <il>li'4<'d to btiy ? Why were they opposed to the lli;:h Frotcclive 
Tttriffy "What did South Carolina gay y W hat wae thie called ? 



1837.] JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 147 

nearly all the manufactured articles they used, and they 
very naturally, wanted to buy them as cheap as possible. 
Hence, they were opposed to this High Protective 
Tariff, which compelled them to pay to the Northerners 
such high prices for their goods. Finally, South Caro- 
lina said that Congress had no right to pass such a law, 
and it should not be executed in her limits. This was 
called Nullification. 

Compromise Bill op Mr. Clay (1833). 
8, President Jackson insisted on the law being car. 
ried out in South Carolina. He sent a fleet to Charles- 
ton, and was preparing to send soldiers also. South 
Carolina began also to raise an army, and there was a 
strong prospect of a civil war. This was prevented, 
however, by a Compromise Bill, offered by Henry Clay 
in Congress. By this Bill, the tax on foreign manufac- 
tured articles was to be gradually reduced until the 
year 1842, when it should bo just high enough to raise 
money sufficient for carrying on the Government. Con- 
gress passed this Bill ; the President signed it ; and the 
South Carolinians agreed to it. The Northern members 
however, after 1842, broke this bargain, and passed still 
higher tariffs. On the 4th of March, 1837, Martin 
Van Buren, of New York, became President. In 1841 
he was succeeded by General W. H. Harrison, of 
Ohio. General Harrison, however, died in one month, 
and, according to the Constitution, John Tyler, of Vir- 
ginia, the Vice-President, became President for the re- 
mainder of the term. 

S. What course did President Jackson pursue ? How did South Carolina 
prepare to rc.r'ist? Ilow was war prevented ? What wa'^ the provipion of 
this Bill ? Was it passed ? When? Did South C;uoliua agree to it V How 
did the Northern members break this bargain? Who became Prefident iu 
18.37? Who succeeded him ? When? When did Harrison die? Who then 
became President? 



148 history of the vmted states. [1836. 

Settlement op Texas. 

9. The Spaniards made the first permanent scttlo. 
mcnt in Texas, at San Anloiiio de Bexar, in 1G02. Tho 
neigliborin^ country, Mexico, also belonged to Si)ain. 
In 1820, Mexico revolted from Spain, and gained her 
independence. Spain also granteil her, at this time, all 
that tract of territory now within the limits of Texas. 
In 1821, Stephen F. Austin, a citizen of the United 
States, was granted, by tho Mexican Government, a 
largo tract of land in Texas. Tho climate being fine, 
and the land fertile, a great many citizens of the United 
States joined Austin, and settled in Texas. 

Texan War (1835). 

10. After living in Texas for some years, Austin and 
his settlers asked the Mexican Government to let them 
have a separate State Government of their own. Mexico 
refused this, and treated tho Texans very cruelly. A war 
then broke out between tho Texans and Mexico. On 
the 2d of March, 183G, tho chief men of Texas met at 
,\Vashington, on tho Brazos river, and declared their 
State independent of Mexico. They also formed a Con- 
stitution, and organized a Government. Mexico sent a 
large arm}'-, under Santa Anna, into Texas, to conquer 
the State. The Texans, however, were brave soldiers. 
On the 21st of April, 183G, they beat this army badly 
at San Jacinto, and also cajitured Santa Anna. While 

9. Who flrot settlcfl ToxfiB? Where? When? What country revolted 
from Spani ? WImt icrrilmy win* irraiiti'il to hor? Who was Auytiu ? What 
Kraiit wa* iiiadc to liiin ? When '/ Ity whom wan he joiiii-cl y 

Ut. What <iitnaii(l wan mail" by Au^till nii'l tlic hciilcrH ? Wa;* it prantrd? 
What occiirri'd then ? What did tlieTi'xaiiB do in IKX;? What did they form? 
Wh'it waedoiie l>y Mexico V What otriirrcd April aiHt, is:n;t What Ircsty 
did Santa Aiiim <\'/.i\ t l>id the Mexican Goveriimeiit asrce to this treaty? 



Loftaituae w\sc from Was/iin^Con 




An Pholo Lilh.Co. New Ynrl< , Osbor.-. t?-» Prp 



1845.] FOLK'S ADMINISTBATION. 149 

the latter was a prisonei*, he signed a treaty with the 
Texaiis, granting them their independence. When he 
was released, however, the Mexican Government refused 
to agree to this treaty. 

Annexation of Texas (1845). 

11. In 1837, Texas applied to the United States to be 
received into the Union. Mr, Yan Buren, then Presi- 
dent, refused to grant this. When Mr, Tyler became 
President, he made a treaty with Texas, granting her 
admission as a State. The Senate of the United States, 
however, refused to agree to this treaty. However, 
when the Senate found that the people of the United 
States were in favor of this treaty, they, finally, on the 
28th of February, 1845, passed a resolution to annex 
Texas to the United States. 



CHAPTBE YI. 

ADMll^aSTRATION OF JAMES K. POLK; AND THE MEXICAN 

WAR, 

SECTION I. 

James K. Polk becomes President (1845). 

1. James K. Polk, of Tennessee, became President 
in 1845. In the previous year, his nomination by the 
Convention at Baltimore had been announced in Wash- 



11. What application did Texas make iu 1837? What was done by Mr, 
Van Bnreu? isy Mr. Tyler? By the Senate? Why did the Senate finally 
agree to this treaty? What resolution did it pass ? When? 

1, Who became President in 1845? How had his nomination been an- 
nounced in 1814? What is said of this telegraphic line? Who made the 
invention? What order did President Polk give Gen. Taylor? Where did 
Taylor land? Where is Corpus Christi? ^See map.) 



150 niSTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. [IHM. 

ington by the Maonetic TELEORAPn. This was the first 
telc£:;nii)liic lino estiiblishcd in the world. The honor 
of this invention is due to Morse, of Massachusetts. 
Soon after his inaup;uration, President Polk ordered 
General Zaciiary Taylor to lead an ai*my into Texas, in 
order to protect that State from the Mexicans. Taylor, 
accordingly, in August, landed with an army of four 
thousand men at Corpus Christi. 

War with Mexico (1846). 

2. Mexico declared war against the United States on 
the 23d of March, 1846. General Ampudia took com- 
mand of the Mexican army at Matamoras, on the right 
bank of the Eio Grande, near its mouth. General 
Taylor had marched his army south, and was stationed 
on the Rio Grande, opposite to Matamoras. 

Battles op Palo Alto and Eesaca de la Palma 
(1846). 

3. The Mexican army ci'osscd the Rio Grande, and 
at noon, on the 8th of Ma}', General Taylor found them 
drawn up in battle array at Palo Alto (which signifies 
"Water-hole"). General Arista had six thousand sol- 
diers, while Taylor had only twenty-three hundred. 
The latter, however, did not hesitate to attack the 
enemy. Forming his line of battle, he at once ad- 
vanced upon the Mexicans. The Mexicans had a largo 
body of cavalry armed with lances. These couched 

2. When did Mexico doclare war ? Wlio took command of the Mcxicnn 
army at Matamoras? Whcio is Matamoras? Where was Taylor's army 
Btatioiu'd? 

:i. Wliat movement was made by the Mexicans? Where were thev drawn 
up? How mativ ipi'n had Arixta? Taylor? Dc-'crihe the battle. To wliu 
point did the Mexicmis retreat? Describe the pos'ition. What was the rcMilt 
of this battle? Whin fought? Describe Cnptaiu May's charge, llow far 
did the AlesicaDS retreat ? 



1816.] POLE'S ADMINISTRATION. 151 

their weapons, and made a charge upon the American 
line. They were met, however, b}^ a storm of cannon 
balls, and they broke and retreated to their army. 
The Mexican army then retreated about three miles to 
Resaca de la Palma. Here, they had a deep ravine in 
their front, and an immense forest extended from their 
rear to the Rio Grande. General Taylor attacked them, 
here, next day, captured their artillery, broke their line, 
and drove them, routed, from the field. During this 
fight, Captain May^ at the head of a body of dragoons, 
charged a Mexican battery, silenced the guns, and cap- 
tured General La Vega as he was about to apply the 
match to one of the cannon. The Mexican army did 
not stop, in their retreat, until they had recrossed the 
Rio Grande. Many were drowned in the passage. 

Capture of Monterey (24th Sept., 1846). 

4. Genei-al Taylor next determined to invade Mexico, 
and capture Monterey. Accordingly, in August, he 
set out on his march from Camargo, a village on the 
Eio Grande, about one hundred and eighty miles from 
its mouth. Taylor's army had been reinforced, and now 
numbered six thousand six hundred and forty men. 
On the 9th of September, General Taylor arrived at 
Walnut Springs, three miles from Monterey. This city 
is about one hundred and fift}'- miles from Camargo, in 
the valley of the San Juan, and is surrounded on the 
south and west by the Sierra Madre mountains. It 
was garrisoned by nine thousand Mexican soldiers, 



4. What did Taylor now determine to do? Where is Camargo ? (See 
map faciufj p. M9.) Where is Monterey ? Describe its situation. How Ifu-i^o 
was the Mexican i^arrisou ? By whom commanded? Ilow was the town de- 
feuded? How many men had Taylor? What was his plan of attack ? What 
was his success ? What agreement was finally made t 



152 lll.<roliY OF TIIK LWtTKl) UTATKS. [1847. 



tinder General Ampudia and had strong forts on all 
sides, in which were forty heavy cannon. General 
Tii^'lor, however, did not hesitate to attack it. With 
the main army he attacked the city on the cast, and 
sent part of the army, under General Wool, to attack 
from the opposite side. There was desperate flighting 
all day, and the Americans took many of the forts at 
the point of the bayonet. Finally, the Americans held 
all the city except the citadel. General Ampudia then 
demanded a park^y. This was granted, and Taylor 
finally allowed the Mexican army to retire, leaving him 
in possession of the city. 

Battle of Buena Vista (23d Feb., 1847), 

5. Soon after this event. General Taylor, by order of 
tlie United States Government, sent the hinder part of 
his aimy to join General Scott, who was about to in- 
vade -Mexico. Taylor, with the remainder of his army, 
camped at Agua Nueva, on the road leading from Sal- 
tillo to San Luis Potosi. Hero he remained quiet for 
some months. The Mexican Government determined 
to make an effort to crush Taylor's small army. Ac- 
cordingly, they sent Genci'al Santa Anna at the 
head of tAventy-one thousand soldiers, to attack it. 
Taylor had only four thousand seven hundred and sixty- 
nine men. With these, he fell back to a ravine in the 




Irulhc? Tiiylor? U hcic did Taylor pot't liis nrmy ? Dei^crib tlio biittii 
Wlicu luii'Mit? Wcro the AnuTiciins diivi'ii from their poi'itioiil' WImt 
in(iv(inciit''did Santa Anna make In tin- nijjlit? Uow niiin^ nu-n did tiie 
]Mi'xic:ins loBO? Americans r Was Taylor's army cu};aj,'fdr^ in ;iuy more 
buttlual' 



1847.] FOLIC S ADMINISTHATION. 153 

mountains, at Buena Vista eleven miles from SaUillo. 
Here he calmly awaited the Mexicans. When Santa 
. Anna arrived in front, he sent forward a flag of truce, 
and called upon General Taylor to surrender his army. 
The latter politely declined. On the 23d of February 
(1847), Santa Anna attacked the Americans. The 
Mexicans, knowing that they had nearly five men to 
one, fought more bravely than they had ever done be- 
fore. At one time, thoy broke General Taylor's left 
flank, completely routing the 2d Indiana Eegiment, 
which never rallied during the progress of the battle. 
Colonel Jefferson Davis commanded a Mississippi 
regiment just in rear of the Indiana regiment. "When 
the latter broke and fled, Davis ordered his men to open 
their ranks and let the runawaj^^s through, and then 
close their line to meet the enemy. Bravely did the 
Mississippians meet the shock. Finally, aided by Sher- 
man's and Bragg's artillery, they drove back the Mexi- 
cans. Taylor, seeing the good effect produced by Bragg's 
cannon, called out, " Give them a little more grape, Cap- 
tain Bragg." The battle lasted all day, but when dark- 
ness closed the fighting, the Americans still held their 
position. At night, Santa Anna retreated, and con- 
tinued his retreat as far as San Luis Potosi. The Mexi- 
cans lost about fifteen hundred men in this battle; the 
Americans, seven hundred and twenty-three. During 
the remainder of the war, General Taylor's army re- 
mained quiet. 



8* 



154 uistoliy uf the united states. [1s47. 

Conquest of California (1847). 

6. While those events were taking place on the Gulf 
of'Mexico, a vast territory lying on the Pacific Ocean had 
been conquei'cd by the Americans. Commodore Sloat, 
in command of a United States fleet, captured Montcre}-, 
on the Pacific coast, in July, 1846. Soon he was joined 
by Colonel Fremont and General Kearney, with land 
forces. These had many fights with the Mexicans. 
Finally, in the last battle fought, January 8th, 1847, 
the Americans were victorious, and all the people of 
California acknowledged the authority of the United 
States Government. 



SECTION II. 

Capture op Vera Cruz (27rii M\Rcn, 1847) 

1, The United States Government dotcrminod to send 
an army, by way of Vera Cruz, to take the city of 
Mexico. General VVinfield Scott was put in command 
of this army. He landed his forces, and laid siege to 
Vera Cruz. On the night of the ISth of March, he 
opened a terrible firo upon the place from the fleet, and 
from batteries which he had erected on land. This was 
kept up till the 27t.h. Finally, the Mexican commander 
agreed to surrender the cit}', and also the castle of San 



6. What place did Commodore Sloat capture In 184(1? By whom was ho 
joined T When was the last battle foufjht by them with the Mexicans? 
VVlmt pi'ople llieii nckiiowlcdKod the aiuliority of the United Stati'i*? 

1 What plan was formed by the Uuitid States (Jovcrnnu-nt ? Who was 
put in commiiud of this* army? What city did \u\ bombard on the Isth of 
March 18-ltir W hire is Vera Crnz ? (See map facin;,' p. 1 1'.».) Ilow far from 
Mexico? Where is Cerrci Gordo? Jalapa? La I'nebla? Perote? VVliat 
wan the resnll of the bombardment? When did tlie surreuder take place? 
What captures were made? 



1847.] POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 155 

Juan D'Ulloa, the strongest fort in Mexico. Ey this 
surrender, 5,000 prisoners and 500 cannon fell into the 
hands of the Americans. 

Battle op Cerro Gordo (18th April, 1847). 

2. On the 8th of April, General Scott set out on his 
march for the city of Mexico. When he arrived at Cerro 
Gordo, a rocky pass in the Cordilleras, he found before 
him an army of 12,000 Mexicans, commanded by Santa 
Anna. The latter declared that " he would die here 
rather than retreat." General Scott examined the 
position of the Mexicans, and thought it was too strong 
to attack in front. So his engineers, E. E, Lee, and 
Beauregard, planned a road which should wind 
around the base of the mountain, and come out on the 
road to Jalapa, in rear of the Mexican army. In three 
days' time, this road was finished by the Americans. 
The Mexicans knew nothing of what was going on. 
On the 18th of April, General Scott made the attack. 
The Mexicans were completely routed. Those who 
escaped fled with Santa Anna. The latter was in such 
a hurry that he left behi7id his wooden leg! The Amer- 
icans pressed on in hot pursuit, and, on the fourth day, 
planted the United States flag on the citadel of Perote, 
fully fifty miles from the scene of battle. The Mexicans 
lost in this battle 4,000 men in all, and 43 cannon. The 
Americans lost only 430 men. 



2 Where did Pcott find a Mexican araiT in his front? By whom com- 
maudetl ? What nnmber ? In what mouiitaius is Cerro Gordo situated? 
Wliy did not Scott attack in front? Wliat road was planned by the euyi- 
neers ? In wliat time was it completed ? When did t-cott make the attack ? 
What was the resnit? Describe the pursuit. What was the lose of the 
Mexicans ? Americans ? 



156 niSTOIiY OF TEE UNITED STATES. [1817. 

March to Mexico (1847). 

3. General Scott marched on to La Pucbla, and there 
waited for reinforcements. These shortly reached him, 
and he set out for the City of Mexico, at the head of 
about 10,000 men. On the llth of Aufjust, he readied 
Ayotia, fifteen miles from Mexico, without having met 
any Mexican army. 

Situation op tue City of Mexico. 

4. The City op Mexico was formerly situated on an 
island in the middle of a lake. In the course of time, 
however, a large part of this lake had filled up, till at 
last it became a large marsh. Straight roads had been 
built across this mai'sh, connecting the city with the 
mainland. On the road by whicli the American army 
was approaching, the Mexicans had a large fort, called 
El Peuon. General Scott thought this fort too strong 
to bo attacked, llenco he marched his army between 
the mountains and lakes, and finally, on the 18th of 
August, he encamped at St. Augustine, eight miles 
south of the city of Mexico. 

Battles near Mexico (1847). 

5. The Mexicans had a large arm}' in front of the 
Americans. General Scott attacked them, and beat 
them at Contreras and CiiuRunusco. lie captured 37 



3. To whftt city did Scolt now march? What was the number of his 
army after hv\nz riiiil'orccil licrc? Wluu i)lacn did Sidtt ri'Hch Au;;uHt lltli? 
Wlu"-(M!S Ayoiln? (Sco iniip fiiciiii? p. >'^7.) In what dirivtioii from Mf.vjco? 
In wliiit direction are the following' places from tlic City of Mexico, viz., 
El Pcnoii? St Aii'/UHtino? Contreras? t'huruhiiBco? Ch ipultepec ? Name 
them In order, accordiii;: to tlicir respective distanccB from Mexico. 

4. How was tlie City of Mexico formerly situated? How is It now 
situated y How is it connected witli tlie mainland? What fort protected 
the road l)y which the American army was approacliinu r Why did not 
Scott attack it? Where did lie march ? Where encamp? 

7t. W here did Scott heat tlw^ Mexicans? What captures did lie make? 
« lu-re did the Mexicans make their last stand? Where was this fort? l)c- 
scrilje the attack. What result? What became of the Mexican anny? 
When did Scott occupy the city ? 



1818.] FOLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 157 

cannon and 3700 prisoners. The last stand made by 
the Mexicans was at Ciiapultepec. This avus a strong 
fortification very near the city. Soon, a breach was 
made by the cannon of the Americans. A column of 
the brave soldiers then charged through the opening, 
drove the Mexicans out of the fort, and raised the 
United States flag. The Mexican army fled into the 
city. During the night, they evacuated it, and General 
Scott marched in the next day and took possession. 
This occurred on the 14th of September. 

Treaty of Peace with Mexico (1848). 

6. The capture of Mexico put an end to the war. 
The Mexicans saw that their soldiers could not beat the 
Americans ; hence they agreed to make peace. After 
long discussions, the terms of the treaty were settled, 
and President Polk 2)roclaimed Peace between the two 
countries on the 4th of July, 1848. By this treaty, the 
Mexican Government agi'eed to give up to the United 
States all the countiy north of the Rio Grande, together 
with all the territory of New Mexico and California. 
For this, the United States agreed to pay ^15,000,000, 
and also to pay the debts due to American citizens, 
which amounted to about three and a half millions of 
dollars more. 



6. What was the effect of the capture of Mexico? What did the Mexi- 
cans agree to do ? When was peace proclaimed hy President Polk? What 
territory did Mexico give up by this treaty? What sum was paid by the 
United States ? 



158 UlSTURY OF 'HIE UNITED STATES. [1850. 



CHAPTER VIL 

administrations of taylor, fillmore, pierce, and 
bucuakan. 

General Taylor elected President (1848). 

1. In the autumn of the year 1848, General Zaciiary 
Taylob, of Louisiana, was elected President. In the 
early part of 1848, gold was found in large quantities 
in a branch of the Sacramento river, in California. A 
great many people at once flocked to this country 
•from the Atlantic States and from Europe. San Fran- 
cisco, a fine port on the Pacific ocean, soon grew into 
a large city. 

Admission of California (1850). 

2, As soon as the population was sufficient to form 
a State, the people of California adopted a Constitution, 
and applied to Congress to be admitted into the Union. 
By this Constitution, no one was allowed to hold slaves 
in this State. The Southern members of Congress said 
that this was contrary to the agreement they had 
made with the Northern members. This agreement 
was that slaves could be held in all parts of the United 
States south of 3G° 30' north latitude. A large part of 
California was south of this lino. There was a hot 
debate in Congress on this subject. Finally, Henry 



1. Who was elected President In lP4fi? Where whb gold fonnd in 1848f 
What cllVct did thin produce? What city errew rapidly ? 

a. When did (.'alironila apply •'»'■ ndinij'eion into the rnlon? What did 
her Coiir'titiuion proliihlty What did the Southern members of Coneresa 
Bay? Wliat airrecmfiii had becii mide "r How did this Coiit>titiition breal{ 
tliis aureemeiiL t Wlint occtirrcd in Coiiu'resH ? Who oflered a comprmnitie 1 
Was it accepted? Wliat wa;* tliis compromise? Wliy was the •• I- ii;,'itivo 
Slave Law" of no practical bciicflt to the Sontherners? What Territories 
were formed by another bill passed by Congress? How was the slavery 
quetftlou to l)e settled there t 



1854.] FILLMORE'S ADMINISTMATION. 159 

Clay offei-ed a " Co7npromise," which both parties agreed 
to. By this, Califoruia was admitted without slavery, 
and the Northern States agreed to return runawa}^ 
slaves to their Southern owners whenever they came 
into their limits. This law, however, was of very little 
benefit to the South, as the Northern States obeyed it 
in but very few instances. By another Bill, the Ter- 
ritories of New Mexico and Utah were formed, leaving 
it to their settlers whether they should have slavery or 
not, 

Millard Fillmore, President, (1850). 

3. President Taylor, after a very short illness, died 
on the 9th of July, 1850, The Vice-President, Mil- 
lard Fillmore, of New York, then became President. 
In this same year, John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, 
died. He was a man of pure character, and a great 
statesman. Two years after, the United States lost two 
more of her gi-eat men. These were Henry Clay, of 
Kentucky, and Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts. 
On the 4th of March, 1853, Franklin Pierce, of 
New Hampshire, became President. 

Eepeal op the Missouri Compromise (1854). 

4. In 1854, Congress passed the " Kansas- Nebraska 
Bill.'' By this, the two territories, Kansas and Nebraska, 
were created, and the people who settled them wero 
allowed to determine whether they should be Slave or 



3. When did President Taylor die? Who then became President? What 
distino'aished man died iu 1850 ? Who died in 1852 ? Who became President 

4. What bill did Congress pass in 1854? What were the provisions of 
this bill '? What compromise was repealed? How had this repeal been 
implied before ? What had this compromise said? Why did the Southern 
members vote for this repeal ? Who Bucceeded Pierce iu 1857? 



J60 msTORy of the united states. [isst. 

Free States. The Missouri Compromise was now rcponlcd 
in express language. This repeal was really implied 
in the Bill passed in 1850, forming the Territories of 
New Mexico and Utah. This Comproniiso had said that 
no Southerners should carry their slave projierty into 
Territories north of 3G^ 30' north latitude. The South- 
ern members thought this was an unconstitutional law, 
and hence voted to repeal it. In 1857, Pierce was suc- 
ceeded in the Presidency by James Buchanan, of Penn- 
sj'lvania. 

Kansas War (1855). 

5, The Northern States sent many settlers to Kansas 
in order to make it a Free State. Large sums of money 
were raised to be paid to settlers who would go there 
from the North. They wei-e also furnished with guns, 
to be used against the Southern settlers. In the New 
England States, even the^>7'cacVicvs aided in these efforts. 
The Southerners, however, were not frightened by 
this action of the Noi-th. Many of them went to Kansas, 
and settled there with their slaves. Whenever they 
were attacked, they defended themselves, and blood was 
often shed between the two parties. Finally, when 
there was enough population in Kansas for it to become 
a State, a convention of the people was held at Le- 
coinpton in 1857, and a Constitution was adopted. By 
this Constitution, settlers were allowed to hold slaves. 
Pi-esidont Buchanan was in favor of admitting Kansas 

5. Where did the Northern States Bond Bcttlcrs ? Why ? How did the 
Norlherner? iiidoce settlers to CO there ? Wliy did tlu y arm tliein ? In the 
Now P^ii^land Slatep, wlio aided iu these eflbrts? Did the Sotitlieniers po to 
Jiancas willi their ulavix? What < ccurrod tlicre? W..ere did tlie lu-dplc of 
Kannan liold a convention ? Wlicn? WtiiU was allowed hy the Cunstituiion 
adopied by tliin convention? ^\■llo wan in favor of adniittini; Kanpan? Who 
refu;<i-d '.' When was Kansas admitted ? Wlicre was a lele!;rai)hie ealile laid 
iu 1S58 ? Was it BucccBsful ? When was a more euctuesful atteuiiit niade-> 



i 



1S59.] BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 161 

as a State, but Congress refused to do so. Hence Kansas 
remained a Territory until 1861, when slic was ad- 
dmitted as a Free State. In 1858 a telegraphic cable 
was laid under the ocean from I^ewfonndlixnd to Ire- 
land, and Queen Victoria sent a message to President 
Buchanan. It, however, failed to transmit other mes- 
sages. Another cable was laid in 1866, which is still in 
successful operation. 

John Brown Eaid (1859). 

6. John Brown, a native of New York, had been 
sent to Kansas by the J^ortherners. In the Kansas 
Avar, he murdered many Southern settlers, at one time 
killing a whole family in cold blood. On the night of 
the 17th of October, 1859, this man, in command of a 
small band of desperadoes, took possession, by force, of 
the U. S. Armory at Harper's Ferzy, Virginia. His 
purpose was to rouse the slaves, arm them, and induce 
them to attack their masters. Not one of the slaves 
of the neighborhood, however, joined him voluntarily. 
Brown and his party were attacked by the citizens. 
Many were killed, and finally Brown and the remainder 
took refuge in a brick building, within the aroiory 
grounds. There he defended himself during the day, 
killing several prominent citizens. He had captured 
several of the citizens, and threatened to kill them if 
the house was stormed. President Buchanan heard of 
the state of affairs, and sent Col. Robert E. Lee, with a 



6- Who w!is Jolin Browu ? How did he behave in Kaiipaa ? What did he 
do on the 17th of October, 1859? What wjis liis piirpoi^c? Did any slaves 
ioin him? By whom was Brown attaclced ? Vv'liat result? Why did not 
the citizens storm the building? Whom did President Buchanan send 
against Brown? What did he do? What was done with Browu aud the 
other siTrvivors? 



1G2 uiaruny of the vsited states. [isso. 



body of marines, to Harper's Ferry. Col. Lee called on 
Brown to surrender, but the latter refused. An attack 
was then made upon the house, the doors were beaten 
down, and Brown and his whole party were caplurod 
or killed. Brown and those who survived were deliv- 
ered up to the authorities of the State of Virginia. By 
them they were tried, condemned, and hanged. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS ON PART IIL 

PAGE. 

1. State the principal events during Wnsliington's administra- 

tion 115 110 

2. Give tlie liistory of tlie settlement of Kentiu-liy 117 

3. Give an account of tlio Indian wars in Kentuelcy 117-llS 119 

4. State what you can of tbo Slave trade 21-2.J 1 1'J 

5. Give the liistory of tlie settlemejit of Tennessee 120 

C. Give the history of the foundiiifi of Washington City I'Jl 

7. State the principal events duriiii^ .Jclfcrson's administration. 121 122 

8. Give the history of the war with Tripoli 122 12:J 

9. State the causes of tlie second war witli Great Britain 12.J 124 

10. Why did New England oppose this war? \2i 

11. Descrihe Hull's campaign 121 125 

12. Give the history of the conduct of the New England States 

during tlie* war of 1812 12.5-126-133 139 

13. Give tiie location of the American armies at the commence- 

ment of campaign of 1813 126 

14. Give tlio history of the operations In Harrison's department 

120-127-12S-r29 130 

15. Give the history of the operations of the Army of the Centre 

130-131-132 m 

16. Give an account of Admiral Coclihurn's depredations 133 

17. Give an account of the Creek War 133 131 

18. Of tiie campiiign on the Niagara 134-135 130 

19. On Lake Cliamplain 1.30 

20. Of the capture of Washington 136 137 

21. Of the uttenipt on Baltimore 1.57 

22. Descrihe tlie battle of New Orleans 139 UO 

23. Describe four naval battles of the war of 1S12 141-142 143 

21. When was peace With Great Britain declared? 143 

25. Give the early history of Mississippi 143 



EEVIEW QUESTIONS ON FART III. 163 



PAGE. 

26. Name five important events during Monroe's administra- 

tion 144 145 

27. Give tlie early history of Alabama 144 

28. Give tlie history of the Missouri Compromise 144 145 

29. Give an account of the Seminole War 146 

30. Give tlie history of the first high protective tarifT, and the 

nullification by South Carolina 146 147 

31. Give the history of Texas from its setllement to its annexation 

by the United States 148 149 

32. What were the causes of the Mexican Wavt—Ans. The annex- 

ation of Texas, and tlie claina by the United States of the 
Rio Grande as the boundary line 

83. Give an account of the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la 

Palma 150 151 

31. Give an account of tlae capture of Monterey 151 152 

35. Of the battle of Buena Vista 152 153 

36. Of the conquest of California 154 

37. Give an account of Scott's campaign in Mexico 154-155-156 157 

38. Wuen was peace declared with Mexico, and what were the 

terms? 157 

39. Give the history of the admission of California 158 159 

40. What distinguished men died in 1850 and 1852? 159 

41. Give the history of the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. ..159 l(jO 

42. Of the Kansas War 100 101 

43. Of the John Brown Raid 161 162 



164 UJSTURY OF THE UNITED STATES. [|!«i«0. 



PAKT TV. 

niSTORY OF TUE GREAT SECTIONAL WAR AND THE 
YEARS ENSUING. 



CHAPTER I. 

SECTIONAL WAR. 



SECTION I. 

Signs op War. 

1, The bloody struggle for power in Kansas, the 
John Brown raid, the resistance to the execution of tho 
Fugitive Slave Act in tho North, and tho ill-treatment 
of abolitionists in tho South, foreshadowed a sec- 
tional war. The aspect of political parties was still 
more ominous. At the Presidential election of 18G0, 
of tho four candidates in the field, Abraham Lincoln 
•was elected. lie was the candidate of the Iiepublican 
party, which openly declared its hostility to slavery; 
and his election was I'egarded by many at the South as 
a blow at their rights and liberties. 

Secession op South Carolina and the Gulp States. 

2. South Carolina was the first to act. On the 
20th December, 18G0, a Convention, assembled in 
Ciiarleston, declared, "that tho union before existing 
between South Cai'olina and other States, under tho 



1. Wlmt events foreehndowcd a pcctionnl wnr? Who wne clerfed Propl- 
dciit In INiU? How wns liin elfctinn ri"_'nitk(l by iininy nt llio Soiilh ? Wliy ? 

2. Which State wftB the lliHl to net? When did hhe fceede? Wlmt 
rcneon did nhe ni'!'ii,'n for lier action? Wheu did Jlispissipiil eccede? 
Ahibama? Georgia V Louisiana? Texas? 



18G1.] SECTIONAL WAB. 165 

name of the United States of America, was dissolved." 
In justification of this step, it was said that the 
property, lives, and liberty of the citizens were in 
danger. It was also asserted that the right of 
secession was a part of that sovereignty which had 
been extorted from England by force, and which 
had never been for a moment surrendered to the Fed- 
eral Government. By the 1st of February, 1861, Mis- 
sissippi (on the 9th January), Florida (10th), Alabama 
(11th), Georgia (19th), Louisiana (26th), and Texas 
(Feb. 1st), had followed the example of South Carolina. 

Confederate States. 

3. On the 4th February, 1861, delegates from the 
seceded States assembled at Montgomery, Alabama, 
and formed a union, under the name of the " Con- 
federate States of America." Jefferson Davis, of 
Mississippi, was elected Provisional President, and a 
Government organized. Commissioners were sent to the 
Boi'der States requesting their co-operation, while agents 
were dispatched to Washington to ask for a peaceful 
settlement of difficulties. In the meantime, nearly all 
of the military posts within the limits of the se- 
ceding States were taken possession of. 

An Effort to Preserve Peace. 

4i The Border States were not so precipitate. In 
them, the majority of the people were still for the 



3. Who assembled at MontKomery? For what purpose? What was 
done? Who was elected provieioual i^resideut? To whom were Couimis- 
eiouers sent? With what design? In the meantime, what places were 
Bcized? 

4. How were the people of the Border States disposed? What was 
done in each? What was the Peace Conference? How many States were 
represented in it? What did it effect? 



166 ninTour of tdb united states. ■ [is«i. 

Union. Conventions were called in each. In accord- 
ance with a proposition from Virginia, a Peace Confer- 
ence, composed of delegates from Iwenty-ono States, 
assembled in Washington on the 4th of February, 1861. 
The terms of settlement agreed upon by it were rejected 
by Congress. Still the Border States clung to the hope 
of peace, until driven to act by the angry tide of revo- 
lution. 

Fall op Fort Sumtdr. 

5. In Charleston harbor, Fort Sumter still re- 
mained in the possession of the Federals. On the 11th 
of April, it was attacked by the Confederates, and, 
after a bombardment of thirty-four hours, Major An- 
derson, the officer in command, surrendered. The news 
of this caused great excitement. Mr. Lincoln at once 
issued a proclamation calling for 75,000 men. The 
Governors of the Northern States responded with 
alacrity, while those of the Border States refused to 
furnish troops for coercion. 

Conduct op the Border States. 

6. Lincoln's proclamation threw all power into the 
hands of the extremists of either section. In the Vir- 
ginia Convention, an almost unanimous outcry for 
separation arose. If she must fight, it was said, she 
would draw her sword in defence of States' Riglits. 
With few dissenting voices, the ordinance of secession* 
was passed, April 17th, 18G1. Following her, Arkansas 

5. When did Fort Sumter fall? What did Mr. Lincoln do? Dow did 
the Govonior^ of the dill'i-ri'iit Statee rospoiid ? 

It. Wliiit wns the illcct of the prfuhiinaiioii ? What did ViriL'inia do? 
What Stati'-i did likcwieel' When? What was done iu Maryland, Kentucky, 
and Mis!<()iiri '! 



1861.] SECTIONAL WAR. 167 

seceded, May 6tli ; North Carolina, May 20th ; and Ten- 
nessee, June 18th. In Maryland, Kentucky, and Mis- 
souri, political sentiment was nearly equally divided ; 
hence, the conduct of the State authorities was vacil- 
lating. Indeed, to avoid civil strife, the masses of these 
States were disposed to resign themselves to the curi-ent 
of events. 



SECTION II. 
War in Maryland. 

1. Shortly after the issue of the proclamation, a body 
of troops from Boston and Philadelphia, reached Bal- 
timore on their way to Washington. Here the people, 
Avith stones and clubs, gave them a rough reception. 
The soldiers fired into the crowd, and blood was spilt 
on both sides. Excitement in the city rose to the 
highest pitch. It was determined to resist the passage 
of Federal troops through the city. For this purpose 
military companies were organized, arms seized, and the 
bridges towards the North destroyed. For a time, troops 
for the Capital passed around Baltimore ; but soon the 
city was occupied by the Federals, the State Legislature 
dispersed, and mautial law inaugurated in a great por- 
tion of the State. 

Activity op the Federals. 

2. Troops poured into Washington from the North. 
From every quarter, the absent ships of war were re- 



1. Give au account of the mob iu Baltimore. What did the people of that 
city dctcrnuue to resist? How did troops go to Washiucton? What was 
goou done by the Federals? 

2. What steps were taken by ihe Federals to prepare a fleet ? Wheu was 
a blocliade of Soutlieru ports declared ? What occurred Way 24th ? 



168 niSTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. [mci. 



called. Steamers wore bought and hastily fitted up as 
gunboats. A blockade of the Southern ports M'as 
declared (April 19th), and the docks and arsenals of 
the North resounded with warlike preparations. On 
the 24th of May, a body of Federals crossed the Poto- 
mac and occupied the heights opposite Washington. 

Activity of the Confederates. 

3. The zeal of the sturdy North in behalf of the 
Capital and the Flag, was perhaps surpassed by the 
ardor of the South in defence of States' Eights. Her 
martial youth rushed to arms. Her citizens were eager 
in their offerings of supplies, and the women with their 
own hands made tents and clothing for the volunteers. 
EicuMOND was selected as the Confederate Capital, 
and, on May 29th, Mr. Jefferson Davis, the pi-ovisional 
President, was received in that city with great enthusi- 
asm. The work of organizing a Government was 
pushed forward. Manufactories of arms and ammuni- 
tion sprang up as if by magic, and steps were taken to 
build an inland navy. As fast as troops were equipped, 
they were forwarded to the threatened points of the 
border. The greater portion were stationed in Vir- 
ginia: the main body, under General Beauregard, at 
Manassas Junction, and a considerable force, under 
General Jos. E. Jounston, in the Shenandoah Valley. 



3. Whence did the Sonthorn troops get their pnppHcflf Who had been 
chosen proviijioual I'recidenl? IJow did the worli of orj^'aniziiiij n ;.'ovciii- 
meiit pronrreiiB ? Wlii-re were the Krcatrr porlioii of ilic «'()iifedenite voliiu- 
teeri* Btutimied? By whom commauded? Where is Mauueeua Juuctiou? 
(Bee uiup futiug p. lOJ.) 



1861.1 SECTIONAL WAR. 169 



The Battle op Manassas. 

4. When Washington was thoroughly fortified, the 
Federals determined to advance. On the 18th of July, 
a reconnoitering force discovered the Confederates 
strongly posted along a little stream, called Bull Eun, 
about twenty-five miles fi'om "Washington. On the 21st 
of July, a large body of Federals menaced the front of 
the Confederates, while a force of nearly twenty thous- 
and went around the line of defence to assail on the 
left flank and rear: all being under the command of 
General McDowell. In the meantime, Johnston had 
joined Beauregard, with the greater portion of his com- 
mand (their united strength being now about twenty 
thousand), and met the flanking column near Stone 
Bridge. Here the battle commenced. The Confeder- 
ates being in a manner taken by surprise, were for a 
long time unable to arrest the advance of the Federals. 
On they came, sweeping everything before them. At 
last they encountered General T. J. Jackson. He 
received their blows, but stood firm. "Look," said 
General Bee to his men, " at Jackson ; there he stands 
like a stone wall." A determined effort was made by 
the Confederates: reinforcements arrived, and the 
Federals, attacked in flank and rear, broke and fled. 

Losses and Effects of the Battle. 

5. In this battle the Confederates lost three hundred 
and sixty-nine killed, and one thousand four hundred and 
eighty-three wounded. The Federals reported a loss of 



4. When did the Federals determine to advance? Give an acconut of the 
battle of Manassas. How did Jark«ou get his name of Stonewall ? 

5. State the losses of the Coiifedorates and Federals ? What city might 
have heeu taken ? What was the effect of the victory upon the Confederates ? 

9 



170 UISJOJiY OF IIIE ISITED STATES. [1861. 

four hundred and cighty-ono killed, one thousand and one 
hundred wounded, one thousand four'hundrcd and sixty 
prisoners. The victors pursued the flying foe for miles 
and obtained much spoil. If the pursuit had been fol- 
lowed up, it is thought, "Washington would have been 
taken. But the Confederates were not aware of the 
extent of their victory, and when it was found out, 
their heads were turned by their great Buccess, 

War in Missouri. 

6. Missouri was torn with civil conflict from the first 
opening of the war. Her convention refused to pass 
an ordinance of secession. Governor Jackson called out 
the State trooi>s. Captain Lyon, a Federal officer, 
surprised and captured the militia, at Camp Jackson, 
near St. Louis (10th May). A largo body of militia 
was put under the command of General Sterlinq 
Price. Colonel Marmadukc (Confederate) was driven 
from Boonevillo by General Lyon (June 20) At Car- 
thage (5th July), Sigel,with a superior force, was defeated 
by Jackson. On the next day the Confederates were 
reinforced. Under Price and McCuUoch, they now 
moved against Springfield. 

Battles of Oak Hill and Lexington. 

7, From this point, the Federals, under General Lyon, 
advanced and attacked the Confederates at Oak Hill 
(August 10th). The struggle was long and bloody. 



6. What wan the condition of WifsoiiriT What did her convention ro- 
fti«o to do !" What did "<>v. Jackson do? What occurred at Camp Jackeou ? 
At Uoonevillc? Ai (.'arlliaue? 

7. (iivo an acci>iint <.r the battle of Oak Hill. Wliy was this victory 
without heiu'flt to iho Coufederatee? What occurred at Lexington f When? 
Who now opposed Price t 



1861.] SEUTIO]^AL WAS. 171 

Lyon fell, and Sigel with the remaining Federals re- 
treated. Owing to a want of harmony between Price 
and MeCulIoeh, little was gained by this victory. Mc- 
Culloch withdrew to Arkansas, but Price pushed on 
with his Missourians. Marching to Lexington, which 
was fortified and garrisoned, he forced Colonel Mulligan, 
with three thousand men, to surrender (September 
20th). A new army, under General Fremont, now 
opposed him, and he was obliged to fall back to the 
southern border of the State. 



SECTION III. 
Naval Expeditions. 

1. The Confederates had no navy, and hence their 
seaboard was at the mercy of the Federals. On the 
29th of August, an expedition under Commodore String- 
ham and General Butler took the forts at Hatteras 
Inlet (North Cai'olina). Another, under Dupont and 
Sherman, took Port Eoyal, South Carolina (November 
7 th). 

West Virginia. 

2. Early in the war, Northwestern Virginia was 
occupied by the Federals. At Eich Mountain (July 
11th), General McClellan forced the Confederates to 
surrender. At Carrick's Ford, the Confederate General 
Garnett was slain (14th July) and his men dispersed. 
The defeat of Garnett forced General Wise with his 



1. AVhy was the seaboard of the South at the mercy of the Federals? 
What occurred at Hatieias lulet? At Port Royal? _, 

2. What occurred at Carrick's Ford ? How was West "V irgiuia secured to 
the Federals? 



172 niSTOHY OF THE I'MTEI) STATES. [ISGI. 



brigade to Kanawha Valley, and West Virginia was 
thus secured lor the Federals. During the summer, 
Generals Wise and Flo^'J attempted in vain to drive 
out the Federals. Floyd defeated Tyler, but was com- 
pelled by Eosecruns to lull back behind Sewell Mountain 
(September 12lh). 

The B.vttle of LEESBURa. 

3. The defeat at Manassas aroused the North to 
great activit}'. The Confederates approached within 
sight of the Capitol at Washington. Eegiments poured 
into that city from the North. McClellan was pro- 
moted to the command of the Army of the Potomac, 
and, in a sliort time, he had organized an arm}' of one 
hundred and lifty thousand men. Tiie Federals began 
to be reassured. On October 21st, a force of one thous- 
and nine hundred men, under Colonel Baker, crossed 
the Potomac, near Leesbuug. They wore met by the 
Confederates, under General Evans. A fierce battle 
ensued, in which Baker was killed, and nearly all of 
his men killed or captured. 

Operations at Sea. 

,4. Every effort of the Confederate Government to 
create a navy failed. Much was expected from priva- 
teers, but only a few effjcted an3'thing. Some were 
captured soon after leaving port. The I\hishville and 
Sumter, Confederate men-of-war, did much damage 



3. What was Iho cftVct of tlio (Iffcat nt Miiim«8(i9 in the North? Who 
was aiipoiiiti'il to tlii^ oi>inni:iii(l of Ihc unny of lliu J'otoni!ic7 CJivc an 
accoutil of the baltlo of Lcusbur;^. Where is Lecsbur^'? ^See uiap faeiiiij 
p. 10 i.) 

4. Did the Confodoratcs have n navy? What was dono by privatcfro ? 
Wliat was e.\pocl*tl from foreit'" i'ovvers? Give au uccouut o"r the capture 
aud surrender of Messrs. Masuu aud Slidell. 



I861.J SECTIONAL WAR. 173 

to Novthera commerce, burning their prizes and parol- 
ing prisoners. Still it was hoped that foreign recog- 
nition "vvould afford the means of px-ocuring a navy. 
For this, the European demand for cotton was relied 
upon. Commissioners also were sent to foreign courts. 
Of these, Mr. Mason was accredited to England, Mr. 
Slidell to France. They took passage at Havana 
on the Trent, a British steamer. From this vessel they 
were forcibly taken (November 8th) by Captain "Wilkes, 
and imprisoned in Fort Warren, near Boston. This 
piece of audacity brought him much honor; but Eng- 
land resented the insult, and was supported by France. 
The Commissioners were demanded, and finally given 
up. 

War in Kentucky. 

5. The neutralit}^ of Kentucky was violated by both 
parties. The first collision between the hostile forces 
occurred at Belmont (November 7th), The Federals 
were commanded by General U. S. Grant; the Con- 
federates by Bishop Polk, of Louisiana. At first the 
Confederates were beaten, but, upon receiving reinforce- 
ments, they compelled the Federals to withdraw. At 
several points in middle Kentucky hostile forces now 
confronted each other. 



55. By whom was the neutrality of Kentucky violated ? Where and when 
did the first collision iti the State occur? Give an account of it. Where is 
Belmont? (See map.) 



174 lUSTOHY Oh THE LWITKU STATES. [IH«2. 

SECTION IV. 

CAm:UE OF FOUT DONELSON. 

1. Soon after the beginning of the year 18C2, tlie 
Fcdci'als gained several important victories. At Mill 
Spring (January 19th), General Zollicoffcr was defeated 
by a Federal foi'ce under Genei*al Thomas. Fort 
Henry, on the Tennessee, was surrendered to Commo- 
dore Footo (February 6th). Fort Donelson, on the 
Cumberland, was attacked b^' General Grant (February 
IGtli) by land and water. For three days a terrible 
battle raged in the midst of snow and ice. The Con- 
federates were greatly outnumbered, and were finally 
forced to yield. The occupation of Nashville soon fol- 
lowed. 

Bati'les op Elkhorn and Siiiloh. 

2. The fall of Fort Donelson compelled the Confedoi-- 
ates to abandon Columbus and Bowling Green. Island 
!No, 10, on the Mississippi, was captured by General 
Pope (April 8th). At Elkhorn (March 8lh), after a 
fierce struggle, the Confederates were beaten ; McCul- 
loch was killed and Price wounded. Encouraged by 
these successes, General Grant now advanced further 
South. His object was to reach Corinth, where General 
Albert Sidney Johnston, strengthened by Beaure- 
gard, was posted. But ho waited for BuoU, who was 

1. Give (in acconnt of the bnttle at MMl Spring? What wns enrrcndored 
to Coniniodoro l-oote? Glvi- nii account of tlic tnkinir of Fort Donulnon. 
In what direcilou and bow far from Louievillu is Fort Donuleou ? (Sec map 
facing p. 173 ) 

2. What did tho fall of Fort Donelson compel the Confoderales to aban- 
don ? Give an acconnt of tlic lialtlc of ElUliorn. Give an account of tho 
battle of Shiloh. What was tlic result of the first dav's I'.L'lilin;;? Of tho 
second day's? In what direction and liow far from ^'ashvllic ifl Sliiloh? 
Coriuth ? Pittsburg Lauding ? (Sec map facing p. 173 ) 



3862.] SECTIONAL WAR. 175 

on the march to join him. Before Buell's arrival, John- 
ston advanced and attacked Grant at Shtloh Church. 
The fight commenced at dawn, and the Federals were 
surprised and driven to the cover of their gunboats at 
Pittsburg Landing, The victory was dearly bought. 
General Johnston was among the killed. During the 
night, Buell arrived. In the morning, the Federals, 
now two to one, became the assailants. The battle 
was hotly contested, and Beauregard was driven from 
the field and forced back to Corinth, 

Jefferson Davis, 

3. On the 22d of February, 1862, Jeffebson Davis, 
of Mississippi, was inaugurated at Eichmond, Ya., as 
President of the Confederate States. He had been 
elected for a term of six j^ears, without opposition. He 
had filled already, with great credit, high positions. 
As Secretary of War under Mr. Pierce, he had won the 
admiration of his political enemies. As a Senator, he 
was sagacious, earnest and moderate. 

The Fall op New Orleans. 

4. New Orleans, on account of its importance, 
was strongly fortified. The river was commanded by 
forts. A boom obstructed navigation, and behind it 
floated a fleet of gunboats. With an immense force 
the Federals made the attack. After a week's bombard- 
ment, the boom being destroyed, Commodore Farragut 
ran by the forts, dispersed and captured the Confeder- 



3. When was Jeflferson Davis Inaugurated? Where? For what time? 
Describo his character. 

4. Why was New Orleaua strongly fortified ? When was it taken ? By 
whom? To whom was the command of the city given? How did he use 
his power? Near what lake is New Orleans situated? (Bee map facing 
p. 87.) What forts near the mouth of the Misaissippi ? 



17G iiisroHY OF -J UK umtjh) states \_i%&-i. 



ate vessels, and forced the city to eurrender (April 25tb), 
The command of the city was given to General B. F. 
BuTLEE. lie made a brutal use of his power. 

Roanoke Island. 

5. On the 8tli of February, a large land and naval 
Federal force, under General Burnside and Commodore 
Goldsborough, attacked the Confedera'tes on lloanoke 
Island, N. C, and captured nearly all. Among the 
killed was the brave Captain Wise, of Virginia. Other 
points along the coast were then assailed, and in a short 
time the Federals took Newborn, N. C, Beaiffort, S. C, 
and Fort Pulaski, at the mouth of the Savannah. 

The "Virginlv." 

6. Thus far, expeditions, assisted by gunboats, seemed 
invariably successful. With these, iron-clad and filled 
with armed men, the Federals took fort after fort. They 
infested the coasts and rivers of the Soutb. Torpedoes 
and river obstructions were used, but to little purpose. 
Confederate genius devised for defence a new kind of 
war ship. It was a steam vessel clad and roofed with 
iron, and armed with an iron beak. On the 8th of 
March, a craft of this kind, tbo Virginia, steamed down 
Korfolk harbor, and approached the Federal fleet lying 
near. Dashing first at the Cumberland, she soon sunk 
her. The Congress was then attacked, and forced to 



.5 Give an account of the caj)! ure of Roanoke Is'and. What other points 
nliins the coast \Yiif ttikcn in a cliort time? Where i» Fort I'uhiski ? Hcau- 
fon r Wliiro IB Koftuuku Island? (See map faciutj p !I8.) llow far from 
Hiclminiul? 

<». Wliat Is ft gunboat? Bj- moang of these what was done by the Fodo- 
rnl- ? Wlial new kind of Pliip was invented l)y th(! t'onfi'dcrates ? Wlmt 
oc( urrcd in Noiiolk liail)()r on tlie bth of ^laicli? What occurred next day? 
In what direction aud how far from Itichmoud la Norlolk? ^bee map facing 
p. lOU.) 



1S62.] SEVTIONAL ^YAR. 177 

surrender. Night set in, and she returned to Norfolk. 
Next day she again sallied forth in search of prey. By 
this time, a newly invented floating battery, the Monitor, 
had arrived. A terrible combat between tiiese mailed 
monsters now ensued. Night closed the conflict, with- 
out either having gained the victory. 



SECTION V. 

McClellan's Advance. 

1, After eight months of preparation, McClellan, 
with his liYrge army, set out for Richmond. Disembarking 
his troops (May 2d) at Yorktown, he marched up the 
peninsula between the York and James, with gunboats 
protecting his flanks. General Jos. E. Johnston, who 
commanded the Confederates stationed at Manassas, 
had divined his purpose. Leaving that point, and pro- 
ceeding by forced marches to Yorktown, he, all the way 
from there to the Chickahominy, opposed his advance. 
By May 22d, McClellan was near enough to Eichmond 
to hear the tolling of the city bells. Another Federal 
column, under McDowell, was expected. The fate of 
the Confederate capital hung in the balance. 



1. When did McClellan set out for Eichmond? By what route? Who 
opposed him ? By May 22d, how near had he gotten to Richmond ? Where 
is Yorktown? (See map facing p. 100.) Describe the Chickahominy river. 

9* 



178 ulstory of the vsitki) states. [is«2, 

Stonewall Jackson, 

2. Aid was given to the beleaguered city by the 
brilliant movements of Stonewall Jackson in the 
Shenandoah Valley. On the 8th of March, with an 
inferior force, he bad attacked Shields at Kernstown, 
and, after a hard fight, had been forced to retire up the 
Valley. No further trouble Avas expected from him, 
and the different columns, under McDowell at Freder- 
icksburg, Fremont in West Virginia, and Banks in the 
Valley, advanced in the direction of Eichmond. Jack- 
son was not idle. Unexpectedly he fell upon Blenker 
at McDowell (May 8th), and drove him hack. Then, 
going around Banks, he attacked him in flank at Front 
Koyal (23d of May), and chased him down the Valley 
and across the Potomac, capturing 3,000 prisoners and 
immense stores. The Federal authorities, alarmed, re- 
called McDowell. Shields and Fremont were sent to 
cut off Jackson, retreating up the Vallc}^ with his cap- 
tures. At Cross Keys (8th of June), Jackson turned 
upon Fremont and repulsed him. Next day he crossed 
the Shenandoah at Port EEruBLic, and attacked 
Shields. After a sharp contest, the Federals were 

routed. 

The Seven Days' Fiqhtino. 

3. In the meantime, Johnston had attacked McClelhin 
at Seven Pines (May 31st), near Eichmond. The fight 



2. How wae aid pivon to the Confi'tUintes? Wlint ocrnripd nt Kerns- 
town ? What forcoB uow conimcnecd inairliinu' towards Richmond? Where 
\* Kernstown? Frederiektihur':? Tlie Mienaiidoah Valley ? What oecnrrcd 
at MelJowell? At Front Royal? What was the Ion? iii Rankc? Who wa» 
pent to catch Jackson? A\ hat occurred at Cross Keys? At I'ort Rejiiihlic ? 
In what direction and how far from Stauuiou is Cross Keys ? Port Republic ? 
(See man facing p. KWi.) 

a. VVhat occurred at Seven Pines, May 31? Who succeeded Johnston? 
Who was Robert E. Lee? ilow did he deceive McClellan? Where did tha 
general attack commence? What occurred at Gaines' Mill? At Malvorn 
Hill? Whither did MeC'lcllan retreat? In what direction and how far from 
Richmond is Seven Pines? (See map.) Gaines' Mill? Malvern Hill? 



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1862.] SECTIONAL WAR. 179 

was severe, but indecisive. In this battle, Jolmston 
was wounded. Egbert E. Lee was appointed to suc- 
ceed him. He had stood high in the United States 
Army. Before the end of the war, he was admired by 
the whole world, and idolized by the Southern people. 
He soon determined to attack with his whole available 
force. To deceive McClellan, a division under Whiting 
was sent off towards Jackson, while the latter was 
ordei'ed to unite with Whiting, and to hasten forward 
and attack the right flank of the Federals. On the 
25th of June, the attack commenced at Oak Grove. 
Next day, Longstreet and Hill crossed the Chicka- 
hominy and assailed the Federals. The bloody contest 
lasted till nine o'clock at night, and ended in the repulse 
of the Confederates. Next day, the Federal position 
at Gaines' Mill was attacked. The slaughter was 
fearful, and the issue long doubtful j but Jackson coming 
up, the Federals were beaten. McClellan now com- 
menced to fall back to the shelter of his gunboats on 
the James. Every day witnessed a terrible combat, 
and only the genius of McClellan saved his army. At 
Malvern Hill. (July 1st), he made a determined stand. 
Evei'3' eftbrt of the Confederates to take the hill was 
fruitless. The ground was covered with slain. During 
the night, McClellan retired, having lost in the seven 
days' fighting many thousands of men, besides immense 
stores. 



180 insTonY of tue united states. [I!*«2. 

Lee advances towards Wasoington. 

4. After a short brcatbinj:; spell, Leo moved in the 
direction of Washington. Jackson led the advance. 
At Slaughter Mountain (Au<,'ust 9lh), ho encoun- 
tored a superior force of the Federals, under Banks. 
After a stubborn fight, the Federals were driven from 
the field. Lee now moved forward, finding the main 
force of the Federals posted on the north bank of the 
Rappahannock, under the command of General Pope. 
On the 29th and 30th (August), the Second Battle up 
Manassas was fought, on nearly the same ground upon 
which the first had occurred. After a combat attended 
with great slaughter, Pope was badly beaten, and fell 
back to the entrenchments bcfoi-e Washington. Lee 
now turned northward, and crossed the Potomac near 
Leesburg. McClellan, again called to the command 
of the Army of the Potomac, confronted him with a 
force of nearly 100,000 men. Leo had scarcely 
30,000. 

SOARPSBURa. 

5, From Frederick city, Jackson was sent against 
Harper's Ferry. After a siege of three days, the place 
was surrendered, with 12,000 prisoners and 60 cannon. 
Jackson then joined Lee at Sharpsburg. Here a great 
battle was fought (September 17). The Federal loss 
was 12,500; that of Leo about 8,000. For a day the 

4. Who led Lcc'e adviiiicc townrds Wiichiiiglon? Give nn account of the 
bftttlc of slauijlUer Mountiiin. Whiredid Luc eiicomitcr the lualii force of 
the t\'dural»? sVliat battle wan fuu-;!!!. on the 'i.\\\.\\ and JjOih of Au^'iist? 
Give an account of it. Wliat did Lee now do? Who was a;;aiti called to iho 
comnMnd of llie army of thu I'otonuic f In wlint direction and how far from 
VVa-^liin-'lon is SluHu'hter Mountain? Cedar .Mountain !" (See map facing p. 
100) AlTmanvus r Leesburg/ Frederick r Harp> r"s Ferry 1- Sliarpf<burg? 

."i A"ainsl what place was Jaelii*on sent from Frederick City t llow long 
did he bT-rticLje it J What did he capture there ? What occurred at Shurpii- 
burg r VVhai was the Iobb ou both sidcB ? 




^'^p\^^^M]s:^^ 



An> Photo L.th.Co. N<iw Vorh (Osbome'i 9r 



1S62.] ISECTIONAL WAR. 181 

armies confronted each othei*. Lee then reti'eated 
across the Potomac, slowly followed by McClellan. 



SECTION VI. 
Invasion op Kentuckt. 

1. During the advance of Lee, an effort was made by 
the Confederates to acquii-e Kentucky. General Kirby 
Smith, moving from Knoxville, Tenn., defeated a Fed- 
eral force at Eichmond (August 30th), and occupied 
Lexington and Frankfort. Bragg, with another army, 
entered the State in September. At Munfordsville, 
lie took 4,500 prisoners, and pushed on towards Louis- 
ville. General Buell getting there before him, he turned 
and joined Kirby Smith at Frankfort. Thence they 
rcti'eated to Perryville, where, the Federals coming 
up, a battle was fought (October 8th). In this, the suc- 
cess of the Confederates was sufficient to enable them 
to make good their retreat into Eastern Tennessee with 
4,000 wagons filled with supplies. 

Operations in Northern Mississippi. 

2. Early in the fall, Corinth and vicinity was again 
the scene of conflict. At Iuka, after a hard fight (19th 
of September), Price was defeated by Eosecrans, and 
retreated during the night. Two weeks later, Price 



1. When did the Confederates make an attempt to acquire Kentucky? 
TTndcr what Generals ? What was accomplished by Smith ? What by Bra^g? 
What occurred at Perryville? What did the CoufedLiates carry off with 
them? 

2. What occurred at Iuka ? At Corinth? What did Grant and Sherman 
attempt? With what result? In what direction and how far from Louis- 
ville is Knoxville? (See map facing p. 173.) Richmond? Lexington? 
Frankfort? Munfordsville? Perryville? In what direction and how far 
from New Orleans is Corinth ? (See map.) YicSjsbnrg? 



182 UmiORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1*63. 

and Van Dorn made a fierce attack on Corinth, and 
were repulsed by Bosecrans. Grant now entered Mis- 
sissippi with the desii^n of unitini^ with General Sher- 
man in an attack on VicUsl)urg. Grant retired without 
eft'ecting anything, while Sherman was repulsed (Dec. 
29th). 

Battle of FREDERicicsBuaa. 

3. After the battle of Sharpsburg, Lee rested, for 
awhile, in the Shenandoah Valley, and then fell back 
behind the Kappahannock. Burnside, who had been 
put in MeClellan's place, now advanced on liichmond 
by way of FaEDEnicKSBURO. On the 11th and 12th 
of December, the Bappahannock was crossed. On the 
13th, the Confederate position ou Marye's Heights was 
assailed. Every attempt failed, and the ground was 
covered with slain. On the 15th, the Federals recrossed 
the river, having lost over ten thousand two hundred 
men. 

Battle op Murfreesboro'. 

4. On the 31st of December, an engagement took 
place between the armies of Bosecrans and Bragg, near 
Murfreesboro', Tenn. On the first day, the Confeder- 
ates gained the advantage. On the third day (January 
2(1), the figlit was renewed, and the Confederates were 
Avorsted. Bragg fell back to Tullahoma. 



S. What did Lpc do nftor the battle of Sharp?lnirff 1 What did BiirDPide 
do? When did lie cr()«f ilie Happiihaiiiiock? Wliat occurred on ilic 13th of 
])(" c'Tiihcry C)u the ISlh? ^Vhac was the loss of tlie FcdiTalf? In what 
diiiclioii and how far from Wa«liiuj;;ii>n is SliariiKbiir-,' ? (bfc map fatinj; p. 
10<i.) KrediMickHhiiri,' ? Uepcribu the KHpiiiiliannock. 

1. Give an accouni of t lie battle of Mur^ru^■^^l)<l^i). What became Of Urapg? 
In what dircciiou and how far from Nashville iu Murfreceboro T (Sco mai» 
facing p. Vi'-i.) 



1s63.] sectional war. 183 

Lincoln's Proclamation. 

5. On the first of January, 1863, Mr. Lincoln, in ac- 
cordance with notice given by Jiim September 22d, issued 
his Emancipation Proclamation, declaring slavery abol- 
ished in all the States not in possession of the Federals. 
This was done for the purpose of conciliating opinion 
in Europe, and weakening the strength of the South. 
It, however, produced no effect beyond the Federal 
lines. 

The Situation. 

6. The finances of the Federals were becoming em 
barrassed. Their credit was sustained by heavy taxes, 
and by making the Treasury paper a legal tender. The 
finances of the Confederates were in a worse condition. 
Much of their teiTitory had been laid waste, their for- 
eign communications destroyed, and some of the most 
important points captured. The Federals had gained 
almost entire possession of the Mississippi, had secured 
Missouri, Kentucky, and much of Tennessee, Arkansas 
and Louisiana. But, in the eyes of the Confederates, 
the victories of Lee in Yirginia counterbalanced dis- 
asters elsewhere. 



SECTION VII. 

Battle op Chancellorsville. 

1, After the disaster at Fredericksburg, Bnrnside was 
removed, and General Hooker appointed in his place. 

5. What was the Emancipation Proclamation? When was it issued? 
For what purpose? What did it efi'ect ? 

6. What was the condition of the Federal finances at the end of the second 
year of the war ? How did they maintain their credit ? What is said of the 
Confederate finances 1 Of their gains and losses during the year ? 

I. Who succeeded Bnrnside? What did he attempt? With what force? 
Give an account of the first day's fight. What occurred that nioht? What 
was thought of Jackson ? What was the final result of the conflict ? What 
was the loss on hoth sides ? 



]<S4 ni^TUUY OF THE USl'lED STATJiS. [1803. 

Ho soon organized a fine army of moro than one hun- 
dred thousand men. Lee opposed him with forty-six 
thousand. Once more the Federals crossed the Eappa- 
hannock, and entrenehcd at Chancellorsville. AVhile 
Hooker wailed, Jackson turned his position (May 2d), 
and routed his right flank. The victory was dearly 
bought. That night, through mistake, Jackson was 
mortally wounded by his own men. His death, a few 
days afterwards, caused intense grief. His life had 
been so pure that oven his enemies praised him. Koxt 
day tho battle was renewed. The Confederate battle- 
cr}'- was "Charge, and remember Jackson." Hooker 
was forced back to tho river, and, in a few days, re- 
crossed it. Tho Confederate loss was ten thousand ; 
the Federal, seventeen thousand, with fourteen guns 
and twenty thousand stand of arms. 

Lee enters Pennsylvania. 

2. In Juno, General Lee went into tho Shenandoah 
Vallo}'. Crossing the Potomac, at Shepherdstown, W. 
Va., he advanced through Maryland into Pennsylvania. 
During his advance, a severe cavahy fight at Brandy 
Station (Juno 9th) occurred. Winchester, with four 
thousand prisoners, was captured by Ewell, who suc- 
ceeded Jackson. Stuart, with liis cavahy, ajipi-oacliod 
Baltimore and Washington, and alarmed Philadelphia, 
and finally joined Lee at Gettysburg. 

2- When (lid Loe acaiu crops the I'otomac? What ocrnrrcd nt Braudy 
Station ? What occurred at Winchester i Where did Stuart join Lee t 



1s63.] sectional war. 185 

Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863). 

3. Before Stiiai't's arrival, General Lee had come in 
contact with the Federals, now commanded by General 
Meade. They had seized Cemetery Hill, near Gettys- 
burg, and there opposed Lee's further advance. For 
three days the battle continued, Lee vainly endeavoring 
to drive the Federals from their position. Both Feder- 
als and Confederates performed prodigies of valor, and 
by their deeds shed new lustre on American glory. At 
last, the night of the third day closed the conflict, 
Lee's ammunition was expended, and he determined to 
withdraw. In this battle, the loss of the Federals was 
about twenty-three thousand j that of the Confederates 
was greater. 



SECTION VIII. 

Fall of Vicksburg and Port Hudson. 

1, Great efforts were made by the Federals under 
Grant to take Vicksburg. After much labor in vain, 
their gunboats finallj- ran past the batteries. Grant, 
crossing the Mississippi at a point near Port Gibson 
(May 1st), a short distance below Grand Gulf, defeated 
the Confederates in several engagements (May 12th, 
15th, 16th). Vicksburg was now encompassed. After 
two ineffectual efforts to take it by storm, Grant deter- 

3. AVho comTnaiidcd the Federals at, Gettygbiir;^ ? Give an account of the 
battle. Why did Lee withdraw? What was the loi-s on both sides? In 
what direction and how far from Washington is Chancollorsville ? (See 
map facinc; p. 106.) Winchester? Baltimore? In what direction and how 
far from Baltimore is GcttYsbin\2; ? (See map facing p. S5.) 

I. Who commanded the Federals in their attemut npon Vicksburg? 
Where did he cross the liver? What did he then do ? How did he finany 
get possession of the place? Bow many prisoners were taken? in wjiat 
direction and how far from New Orleans is Vicksburg? Grand Gulf ? Port 
Hudson ? Baton Rouge ? (See map facing p. 181.) 



186 IIISTORY OF- THE UNITED STATES. [ISttS. 

mined to starve out the garrison. At last, the ammu- 
nition and food being nearly exhausted, on the 4lh of 
July, General Pemherton surrendered the place, with 
its garrison of 23,000 men. On the same day. Price 
was defeated at Helena, Arkansas, and, four days later, 
Port Hudson, with its garrison, fell into the hands of 
the Fcdci'als under General Banks. 

Cavalry Raids. 

2. To aid Grant in his movement against Yicksburg, 
General Gricrson, with a strong body of Federal cav- 
alry (April 17th — May 1st), made a march of eight 
hundred miles through Mississippi, destroying an im- 
mense amount of property, and reaching Baton Eougc 
in safety. General Morgan, with 2,000 Confederate 
cavalry, crossed the Ohio below Louisville (July 9th), 
and pushed forward aci'oss Southern Ohio, destroying 
property as he advanced. lie' was pursued by the militia, 
and being prevented b}' gunboats from re-crossing the 
Ohio, his command was scattered, and he, with many 
of his followers, captured (26th of July). 

The Siege op Charleston. 

3. Though there was great activity this year on the 
Bcaboard, the most important event was the attempt 
upon Charleston. In December, ISGl, the Federals 
had tried to destroy the harbor by sinking in it ships 
filled with stones. In 18G2, unsuccessful ellbrts were 
made against the city by land and sea. In April, 1863, 

2. Give an account of the raid of Gen. Grierson. Of Morgau's. Why 
could not Morsnu rccrooB the Ohio t 

:i. Wlmt occurred Die. iPt, IStil. in Charleston hnrhor? What In l«i2? 
What in April, l!j03? Uow far is Fort Sumter from Charleston? (See map 
facing p. 87.) 



1863.] SECTIONAL WAE. 187 

a fleet of iron- dads, in conjunction with a land force 
renewed the attack. Fort Wagner was abandoned. A 
furious bombardment crumbled the walls of Fort 
Sumter (17th of August), but the ruins increased its 
strength. 

Battles op Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge. 

4. On the 21th of June, Eosecrans advanced against 
Genei-al Bragg, who retreated to Chattanooga (Tenn.). 
Upon the approach of the Federals, Bragg continued 
his retreat. Near Chickamauga Creek (September 
19th), Bragg, being reinforced by Longstreet, fell upon 
Eosecrans and defeated him. The Federals fled to 
Chattanooga, where they were cooped up for a time, 
and tlieir supplies cut ofi; But Grant soon arrived, 
bringing reinforcements, while, in the meantime. Long- 
street had been sent off" by Bragg to attack Burnside, 
at Knoxville. The Federals now assumed the offensive. 
Lookout Mountain was taken (November 24th). On 
the following day, the Confederates were driven from 
Missionary Eidge. 

Condition of the South. 

5. The result of the yeai"'s transactions was un- 
favorable to the South. All of Tennessee and nearly 
all of Arkansas had been gained by the Federals. A 
part of Virginia had been organized into a new State 



4. When did Rosecrans advance asrainst Brasrc:? To what pohit did 
Brasg retreat? Give an afcount of the battle of Chick im!Uiii:a. To what 
place did the Federals retreat ? Who reinforced them there '! Wliat occnrrcd 
at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge? In whaf direction and how 
far from Nashville is Chattanooga? (See map facing p. 173.) Chickamauga? 
Missionary Ridge ? 

!5. How were the year's trausactions unfavorable to the South ? What was 
the coudiliou of that section ? 



188 lUSTUHl' OF TJIK LNJTKD STATES, [I863* 



(called West Virginia), in the interest of the Federals. 
They possessed the Mississippi, and had closed all the 
Atlantic ports except Wilmington, Xorth Carolina. 
The countr}^ through which the oi)posing armies had 
marched and fought, had been plundered and laid waste. 
The finances of the South were depressed, and the 
necessaries of life could be purchased only at enormous 
prices in Confederate money. 

Condition op the North. 

6. The North liad suffered much, but her resources 
were great, and she got men, money, and arms from 
Europe. Iler finances were managed with skill. To 
fill her vast armies, a conscription act was passed. 
Opposition was manifested to the execution of the 
draft. In Ncav York city, a terrible riot occurred. 
This was suppressed ; but the draft, here at least, was 
abandoned. A'"olunteers were, however, obtjiined by 
county and State bounties. Federal commerce was 
much damaged by Confederate cruisers. Of these, tho 
Alabama, commanded by Captain Semmes, and tho 
Florida, by Captain Maffit, were most noted. 



6. What were the re«ourco9 of tho North ? How hnd she manajred her 
flnniicos? How did sho fill her iiriuies? Which wuiu iLu moat uotcd of tho 
Coufcdcrate crui^crb? 



1864.] SECTIONAL WAS. 189 

CHAPTER II. 

CAMPAIGNS OP 1864 AND 18G5. 



SECTION I. 

Banks' Red River Expedition. 

1, In March, 1864, General Banks, in command at 
New Orleans, set out with a large Federal army, to- 
gether with Admiral Portei-'s fleet, and went up the 
Red river. It was his intention to capture Shrevcport, 
where the Louisiana Lco-islature held its meetino:s. 
Banks was successful as long as he kept his army near 
the river, and thus had the protection of the fleet. 
When they arrived at Natchitoches, however, the land 
army had to march on a road at some distance from the 
river. At Mansfield, about sixty miles from Natchi- 
toches, General Kirby Smith's army attacked the ad. 
vance guard of the Federals, and beat them back. On 
the following day (April 9th), the Confederates attacked 
the whole Federal army, at Pleasant Hill. The latter 
were beaten badly, and were driven back to their fleet, 
at Grand Encore. Banks then thought he had better 
return to New Orleans. Accordingly, he commenced 
his retreat down the Red river, keeping close to his 
fleet. AVhen the fleet reached the Rapids, near Alex- 
andria, it was found that the river had fallen so much 



1. W^hat expedition started from New Orleans in March, 1SC4? Where is 
New Orleans? (Se"} map lacing p. 181.) Where is Shrevcport? Describe the 
Kcd River. In whatdireciinuand how far from New Orleans is Natchitoches ? 
Pleasant Hill? Mausfield ? Grand Encore ^ Alexandria? What was the 
plan of Gen. Banks? How was his army protected ? At what point did he 
leave the river? By whom was he attacked? Where? What result? Where 
was the second attack made? When? Result? What did Banks then 
determine to do? What obstacle did the fleet meet with? How was it 
overcome? 



190 niHTOKY OF THE VyjTKD STATES. [IS««. 

that the gunboats could not go any farther. A dam 
was, however, built across the river, and, in this way, 
the water was made deep enough to float the vessels 
over the Kapids. 

Battle op Spottsylvama C. H. 

2. When the campaign of 1864 began in Virginia, 
General Grant was in command of the Fodoral army 
in Ciilpcper Co., Va. lie had been made Lieutenant- 
General, and put in command of all the Federal armies. 
General Lee's army was posted along the Eapidan 
river in front of Grant. Leo had fifty-two thousand 
men; while Grant had about one hundred thousand. 
During this campaign. Grant's arm^^ was reinforced by 
fully one hundred thousand men. In May, Grant 
crossed the Eapidan, and posted his army in the 
["Wilderness." Here, Leo attacked him and gained a 
partial victory. General Grant, however, had such a 
large army that he could afford to divide it. Hence, 
ho built strong breastworks in front of his army, and 
jthen sent part of it towards SroTTSYLVANiA C. H., in 
'order to cut off General Lee from Eiehmond. Tho 
latter, however, saw his plan, and at once marched for 
Spottsylvania C. H., and arrived there before Grant. 
Grant now determined to beat General Lee's army if 
ho could. So, on tho 12th of May, at daybreak, ho 

2. Whore 1b Culpcpcr county, Va. ? (Sec map fncing p. lOfi.) Describe 
the Knpiilan river. Whcte is the •' Wilderness " ? In wliftt direclion and 
how fur from Kichmond is Spottsylvania C. II.? Who comninnded tho 
Federal army in Ciilpeper county, Va. ? Wliat ranVc had Grant, and what 
conimand ? Where was tJen. Lee's army posted? Wlitit nnmhcr of men 
had Grant? Lee? By liow many men was Grant reinforced durins,' this 
campaiirn? \\ hat was" Grant's llrst movement? Wliat was done by Lee? 
Wbai pTan did Giant tlien adoi)t? Wliat imiut did Lee occupy llrst? When 
did Grant attack Lcc? Debcribe the battle. What ia t>aia of the Federal 

lOtit)} 



1S64.] SECTIONAL WAR. 191 

marched forward in dense column and made an attack 
on the Confederate line. At first, he was successful, 
and captured many prisoners. Soon, however, the 
Confederates recovered from their surprise, charged 
gallantly upon the Federals, and drove them back to 
their first position. A great many were killed. In 
fact, the dead and dying Federals covered the ground 
in front of the Confederate army. From the time 
Grant crossed the Eapidan to the end of this battle, he 
lost nearly forty thousand men. This was nearly equal 
to the whole of Lee's army at the beginning of the 
battles. 

Grant goes to Petersburg. 

3. General Grant now received a great many more 
soldiers from Washington. Hence, he was able to flank 
General Lee again, and compel him to retreat towards 
Eichmond. At Cold Harbor, on the 3d of June, 
Grant made another assault upon Lee's army. He 
was again repulsed with great loss. Grant ordered 
another attack, but his soldiers refused to obey. They 
had seen too many of their comrades fall before the 
Confederate bullets. The Federal army was now 
marched to the James, and they crossed over the river on 
pontoon bridges. They then made a rapid march to 
Petersburg, hoping to capture that city before Lee's 
army could get there. General Lee, however, saw 
Grant's plan, and arrived at Petersburg before him. 
Grant attacked again, but was driven back with heavy 



3. How was Grant enabled to flank Lee? Where did Grant make another 
assault? When? L'csult? In what direction and how far from Richmond 
is Cold Harbor? (See map facing p. 178.) Petersburg? Why did Grant's 
army refuse to make another assault? What movement did Grant then 
make? What place did he try to capture? How was he prevented? What 
was the result of his attack? 



192 niHTOKY OF THE VNITED STATES. [1S6I. 



loss. Tho Fcileral army now threw up breastworks in 
front of them, and roinaincd quiet for some time. 

Grant explodes a Mine. 

4. Grant thought ho would try another plan to beat 
the Confederate ann3^ Ho made his soldiers dig a 
mine. They dug a long ditch underground from their 
breastworks until they came directly underneath a 
part of tho Confederate breastworks. It took six 
weeks' hard labor to dig this mine. Eight thousand 
pounds of gunpowder were now placed in tho mine 
under tho Confederate breastworks. A column of 
Federal troops were drawn up ready to charge as soon 
as the powder was exploded. Tho Confederate troops 
knew nothing of what was going on. Tho signal was 
given, and tho powder was exploded. The shock was 
tremendous, and huge pieces of earth were thrown 
more than two hundred feet in the air. An opening of 
more than one thousand "square yards was made. Two 
hundred Confederate soldiers were destroyed. Tho 
Federal column pushed forward through tho opening 
made in tho breastworks. Tho head of the column 
was composed of negro troops. As soon as the Con- 
federates recovered from their surprise, they attacked 
tho enemy, and very soon put tho negroes to flight. 
Pushing forward, they drove tho Federals out of tho 
works, and back to their first position. Grant lost fully 
four thousand men iu this attack. lie dug no more 
mines. 



•t. What wa^ tlio next plan tried by Grant? How lonp were hiR eoldicrs 
dijxniiis: tiiiH niiiiuV How niiicli u'lmpowder wag placed in tho mine? When 
wii« llie attack to be made y Were the Confederate!* aware of it? Deccribo 
tlie eltVct of ilie exploriou. How large an opeuiuK wan made? How many 
Confe<leraie» were killed? Dcecrlbu the attack. What result? ilow many 
men did Uraul lu:;<c ? 



1884.] SECTIONAL WAR. 193 

SECTION 11. 
Sigel's advance in the Valley. 

1. When Grant commenced his campaign in Mp.v, he 
sent, at the same time, a Federal army, under General 
SiGEL, up the Shenandoah "Valley. General Brecken- 
RiDGE, however, met Sigel at New Market and de- 
feated him. Whenever one General was defeated, Presi- 
dent Lincoln nearly alwaj^s turned him out, and put 
another General in his place. So, Genei*al Hunter was 
put in the place of Sigel. Hunter advanced up the 
Valley, and defeated a small Confederate force near 
Staunton. He then marched on against Lynchburg. 
Hunter burned many private houses on his march, and 
also the Virginia Military Institute, at Lexington. On 
the 17th of June, Hunter arrived within two miles of 
Lynchburg. He found out, however, that General 
Early was there with pai't of Lee's army. So Hunter 
retreated very rapidly towards the mountains of West- 
ern Virginia. Early pursued, but Hunter fled so fast 
that he could not be overtaken. 

Gen. Early's advance into Maryland. 

2. General Early, finding that he could not overtake 
Hunter's army, left him, and marched down the Shen- 

1. Where did Grant send an army in May? Under whoso command? 
Who met Sigel? Where? What result? Where is the Shenandoah Valley? 
(See map facing p. lOH.) In what direction and how far from Winchester is 
■New Marliet?" Staunton? Lexington? Where is Lynchburg? How did 
President Lincoln treat an unsuccessful General? Whom did he put iu 
place of Sigel? Describe Huuter's advance to Lynchburg. What acts did 
he commit? Who met Hunter at Lynchburg? What followed? 

2. What movement did Eariy thru make? Where did he cross the 
Potomac? When? Where is Frederick? (See map facing p. ,'-2.) Where 
is Monocacy? JJaltimore? Washington? How far and iu what direction 
is Frederick from Washingtonj? Wlio met Early on the iMonocaoy? What 
was the result of the battle? What moveraeni did Early then malic ? Why 
did he not capture Wash'ugton ? Wtiere did he recross the Potomac, and to 
what place did he march? Where is Lecsburg? (See map facing p. iOj.) 
Winchester? In what direction and how far from Winchester is Fisher's 
Hill? Harrisonburg? Cedar Creek? 

10 



194 HISTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES. [186*. 

andoah Valley. On the 5th of July, ho crossed the 
Potomac, at Shephcrclstown, and marched to Frederick, 
Maryland. On the Monocacy river, near Frederick 
Early met General Lew. "Wallace, at the head of ten 
thousand men. These he easily beat, and drove them 
towards Baltimore. Early, however, did not follow 
them, but marched direct npon "WAsniNGTON City. 
He hoped to be able to take this city by surprise. He 
found, however, that Washington "was guarded by 
troops sent there from Grant's army. General Early 
then recrossed the Potomac, near Leesburg, and marched 
to Winchester. 

Battle op WiNcnEsxER. 

3. General Grant now put General Sheridan in 
command of 45,000 men, and ordered him to attack 
General Early. The latter had only 12,000 men. 
Honce, in the battle, fought at "Winchester on the 19th 
of September, Early was beaten, and compelled to re- 
treat up the "Valley. On the 22d of September, he 
was again beaten at Fisher's Hill. He then retreated 
to Brown's Gap, in the Blue Eidgo Mountains, about 
ten miles from Harrisonburg. Sheridan, on the 6th 
of October, fell back from Harrisonburg, and, on his 
retreat, burned all the barns, wheat, hay, and mills, 
between the North Mountain and the Blue Ridge. 

3. Whom did Grant put in command in the SheniiDdoah Valley ? Wh»t 
nnmlicr of men liad ho'.' Whut niinihcr Imd Eiirly? WIhtc did Shrridan 
fttliick Kiirly y When? KcHiiit:' NSlii-re wiis Kiirly aj^rniii hiiiti'n? When? 
Ti» wliiii point did ho tlicu rolreatlf Uow far did Sheridan follow? What 
did Shuridau do uu hix retreat t 



1864.] sectional war. 195 

Battle of Cedar Creek. 

4. General Early wanted to prevent Sheridan from 
leaving the Yalley and going to aid Grant at Peters- 
burg. So he determined to attack the Federals, though 
they numbered 30,700 men, and he had only 9,700. 
Sheridan's army was encamped along Cedar Creek. 
During the night of the 18th of October, Early sent 
part of his army, by a narrow path between the 
mountain and the Shenandoah river, around the flank 
of Sheridan's army. At daybreak, these soldiers at- 
tacked the flank, while Early attacked the front of the 
Federals. The Confederates at first beat the enemy 
badly, capturing their camp, 19 cannon, and 1500 
prisoners. Later in the day, however, the Confederates 
were defeated and routed, losing most of their artillery 
and about 3,000 men. This battle closed the fighting 
in the Valley during this year (1864). 

The "Alabajnia" Sunk (15th June, 1864). 

5. The Alabama was a Confederate steamer, com- 
manded by Captain Eaphael Semmes. She cruised 
in various parts of the world, and captured sixty-six 
Federal merchant vessels. Finally, in a battle off the 
coast of France, she was sunk by the United States 
steam sloop-of-war Kearsarge. 



4. What did Early want to prevent ? What number of men had Sheridan ? 
Early ? Where was Sheridan encamped ? Wheu did Early attack him ? De- 
scribe the battle. What did this battle close ? 

5. WhHt was the Jlabama? By whom ci.mmanded? How many Federal 
vessels had Semmes captured? Where was the A/Mama sunk? By what 
vessel? When? 



196 history of tub united states- [180«. 

Lincoln re-elected President. 

6. In Xoveinber of this year, an election was held 
for President in the Northern States. Abraham Lin- 
coln was re-elected. 



SECTION III. 

Sheuman's Advance. 

1. When Grunt made his advance this year from the 
Rapidan, an army of about 100,000 Federals, under 
General Sherman, advanced into Georgia. Sherman's 
object was to capture Atlanta, in Georgia. General 
Joseph E. Johnston commanded the Confederate 
army of 45,000 men, which opposed Sherman. The 
Federal arm}' marched along the railroad leading from 
Chattanooga, Tennessee, to Atlanta. Sherman fought 
many battles with Johnston, but was unable to beat 
hira. The same plan was tried here that Grant tried 
in Virginia. Sherman protected part of his army by 
breastworks, and sent the remainder around Johnston's 
flank. Johnston's army was so much the smaller, that 
he was obliged to retreat every time this was done. At 
Kenesaw Mountain, Johnston held his position for a 
month. On the 27th of June, Sherman attacked the 
Confederate army hero. The Federals were repulsed 
with great slaughter. Sherman, however, flanked 

6. Whcrp wns a rrcBidcntlal cloction held In ISTht? Who was clpctod T 
1. Wliiit Fedoral a' my male an advaiici! into (Jcor;;la in May, ISfii* How 
ri.'iny men? w li;>t was S!uTman'i» object? What rniironds unite at At- 
liiiitii ? See mai) fac I'lr P- '•'f' ) In what direction and how far fmni Savan- 
nah is Ailanla? I):iliiin» I'aUis? Maion? Anjnsta? \Vhat is the 
silnation of ^nv<lnll•lll ? Who coniinnnded tlic ConfcihTate army in front 
of Sherman? llow m^uiy men? Wlmt ronte did \\w Federal ai'mv take? 
Did Sherman heiu .lohiiston? How diil he niriko the liiltiT retreat ? What 
pobition dill Johii^ioa lioM for a month? Wlien did bliurmau attack him 



crc ? What rcBult ? U hat did Shcriuau ibea du ? 



1864.] SECTIONAL WAR. 197 

Johnston again, and compelled him to retreat to the 
neighborhood of Atlanta. 

Atlanta taken. 

2. General Johnston was now taken from the com- 
mand of the Confederate army, and General Hood was 
put in his place. The latter made frequent attacks 
upon Sherman's army in July, and captured many gunsj 
prisoners, and colors. He lost so many men, however, 
that he could not follow up his successes. General 
Hood had part of his army at Jonesboro', in the rear 
of Atlanta. By a rapid march, Sherman moved 
around Atlanta, and cut off this detachment from 
Hood's main army. Hood was then obliged to leave 
Atlanta, and the Federals occupied it on the 2d of 
September. It was a costly capture, however, to 
Sherman. He had lost 30,000 men since he began his 
march. 

Hood aoEs into Tennessee. 

3. The provisions for the Federal army were brought 
over the railroad from Chattanooga. General Hood 
marched with all his army north of Atlanta, in order 
to tear up this railroad, which he succeeded in doing 
to some extent. Sherman, however, followed, and 
finally di'ove him from the railroad. Hood then 
marched into northern Alabama, and thence into Ten- 



2. Who was put in Johustou's place? What did Hood do ? Why could 
h(j not follow up his su^Cfss? Wliuie was part of Hoo I's army posted? 
W hit movement was made by Sherman? Result? When did the Federals 
occupy Atlanta? How many men had oherman lost? 

;«. How were provisions brought to the Federals? What movement was 
made by Hood? With what success? What compelled him to leave the 
line of railroad? Where did he then march ? What ^vas his plan ? Where 
was IJood successful ? What place did he then besiege? Who commanded 
the Federal army there? How had he been reiulorccd? When did he 
attack Hood? What result? Where did Hood retire ? How far is Franklin 
from Nashville ? (See map facing p. 173.) Ou what river is Nashville ? 



198 HISTORY OF TUB UNITED STATES. [I8C5. 

ncpsce. Ilis plan wus to cnpturo JSIashville, Tennessee, 
while Sherman wus at Atlanta, to which point the 
latter had returned. At first, ho was successlul. Ho 
beat a Federal army at Franklin, and then besieged 
General Thomas in Nashville. The latter, however, 
received large reinforcements from Sherman and else- 
where. Ho then attacked Hood (Dec. 15-lG), routed 
his army, captured 13,000 prisoners, and drove the re- 
mainder into Alabama. 

Sherman captures Savannah. 

4. In the meantime, Sherman set out from Atlanta 
at the head of G0,000 men, and marched across Georgia 
towai'ds Savannah. There was no Confederate army 
to oppose him ; so ho spread out his army over the 
country, making a track sixty miles wide. Besides 
feeding his army in the country he passed through, a 
vast amount of proj)erty was destroyed, houses were 
burned, and a largo number of slaves were carried off. 
On the 20th of Deceniber, Sherman took possession of 
Savannah. 

ConMniA, S. C, m-RNFD. 

5. After remaining about a month at Savannah, 
Sherman set out from that place, and directed his 
march towards Columbia, the capital of South Cai*- 
olina. On his arrival there, the people surrendered 



4. What movement did Sherman make? With howmany men? Did any 
Conrcdcrate nnny oppose liiin? How did Sherm-ni i|)ply liii* army ? What 
wiiH done l>v liin men? Wlifii did lie Inlet! po.-isi'-.-nm of Siiviuiiiiih ? 

5. How loiitr did Sherman rc'inaiii at. f^nvaniiah y lowardr* wliat place did 
he then mircli ? 'iiwlial direction .'iiid liow lur fruui <iiarlet'!on ic i olum- 
hi 1 ? (See ma]) frtcinir p. '.t8.) (ioUlnlxiro? Newbern? Wilniinu'ton ? Ilnleii.'h? 
llilli'ltoro? \N as l'olnnil)ia surrendered to Sliernuiu? Wlial was done by tlio 
Federal troops V Where did Sherman then maieh? What trnopn met him at 
(;()ld(<l>oror Who commanded ihy (.'onfederate army in fmni i>l' Slu-nuan? 
Why did he retreat ? Whgrc? When did Sherman occupy UiUeiijh * 



aseS.] SECTIONAL WAR. 199 

the place to him. After th« Federal troops entered, 
the city was fired in many places, and almost all the 
buildings were burned to the ground, Sherman con- 
tinued his march into North Carolina. At Goldsboro', 
he was met by a Federal column from Newbern, and 
one from Wilmington. The latter place had been cap- 
tured a short time before by the Federals. General 
Jos. Johnston was in command of the Confederate 
forces in North Carolina opposed to Sherman. His 
army was, however, too small to fight the Federals. 
Hence he retreated to Hillsboro', and Sherman occupied 
Raleigh on the 13th of April, 1865, 

Affairs at Petersburg. 

6. In the meantime, affairs of great importance had 
taken place at Petersburg, Va. Grant had an im- 
mense army there, while Lee's was so small that many 
parts of his breastworks were held by soldiers stationed 
many yards apart. A great many Confederate soldiers 
were shut up in the prisons at the North. The Con- 
federates had, also, a large number of Federal prisoners, 
and made frequent offers to exchange them for their 
men. For eighteen months, however, Grant refused to 
exchange prisoners. He did not want the Confederate 
soldiers to go back to their army. In the meantime, 
the prisoners, on both sides, suffered many and great 
privations. 

6. What is said of Grant's army at Petersburg? Of Lee's? In what 
direction and how I'iir from Richmond is Petersburg? (Sec map faciu" p. 
luu.) Danville? Lynchburg? Appomattox C. U.if What is said of Iho 
eflorts to exchange prisouera? 



200 uinTuny of tue l^jt/cd utajes. [i.sos. 



RirifMOND CAm'RED. 

7. On the 2d of April, General Grant made an attack 
upon Lee's lines at Petersburg, and broke through 
them. It then became necessary to evacuate Rich- 
mond. This was done, and the Conlbderatc army re- 
treated towards Danville. General Grant followed, 
attacking Lee's forces whenever be could, and destroy- 
ing bis wagon-trains. 

Surrender at Appomattox C. H. 

8. General Lee was cut off, in his retreat, from Dan- 
ville. Ho then marched towards Lynchburg. His 
army was worn out with marching and fighting, and 
was without provisions. Moreover, Grant succeeded 
in getting a large cavalry force in front of the Con- 
federate army, llence, when General Grant demanded 
a suiTender of the Confederate armj', General Lee was 
bliged to agree to it. This Surrender, accordingly 
took place on the 10th of April, 18G5, at Api'omattox, 
C. H. The surrender of Leo's army put an end to the 
war. The Confcdorato armies elsewhere were unable 
to continue the war any longer. Johnston surrendered 
to Sherman on the 26Lh of April ; General Dick Taylor 
commanding east of the Mississippi, surrendered on 
the 4th of May; and, finally, General Kirby Smithy 
commanding west of the Mississippi, surrendered, on 
the 2Gth of May, the remaining organized troops of the 
Confederacy. 



7. Wheu did Grant make an nttnck on Lec'R lines? What rcsalt? To- 
ward wliiii pliicu did Lc'c rciiuat? Wlirit did Grant do? 

H. From w liat i)i;ico was Loo cut oil? 'J'owards wlinf plticc did he then 
miirch? v\ lull WW* ilie coiiditi(.n of liis army? How did Griuil luilt Kcu'« 
arniv* When did Lee purrender? Wliere? Wlmt was llie i llect of Li'i'V 
Burreiider? Wlu-n did Johiihlon curreiidur ? DickTuylorf Kirl)y Smiib ? 
M'hcrc did each command rcBpccltvely f 



1865.] JOHA'SON'S ABjixi^ISTBATION. 201 

Forces of the Federals and Confederates. 
9. The entire number of Federal troops (on land and 
sea) put into service during the war, was two million, 
six hundred and fifty-six thousand, five hundred and 
fifty-three (2,656,553). The exact number of Confeder- 
ate soldiers is not known, but the best authorities state 
that it was not more than six hundred thousand (600,- 
000). The expense of the war to the Federals was 
about two thousand, eight hundred million dollars 
($2,800,000,000). The Confederate debt, at the end of 
the war, amounted to more than two thousand million 
dollars ($2,000,000,000). The depreciation of Con- 
federate paper money was very great. In April, 1805, 
one dollar in gold was worth one hundred dollars in 
paper money. The depreciation of Federal currency was 
much less. Its lowest point was reached in July 1864, 
when one dollar in gold was worth two dolllars and 
eighty-five cents in paper money. 



CHAPTEE III. 

JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



Assassination of President Lincoln. 
1, On the evening of April 14th, President Lincoln, 
while sitting in a box in the theatre at Washington, 
was killed by a pistol-shot, fired by John Wilkes Booth. 
Booth made his escape from the theatre, but was finally 
overtaken b}^ his pursuers and shot. He committed the 
act under the fanatical idea that the war would close, 

9. What was the total number of Federal troops darin? the war ? Con- 
federate? What wa? the Federal debt? Confederate? What was the de- 
preciation of the Confederate paper money ? Federal ? 

1. What occurred on April 14th, 1865? Eelaie the affair. What became 
of Booth ? Why did he assassinate Lincoln? Who became President ? 

10*' 



202 UISIUUY OF 'JUE UXIIED STATES. [1863. 



and the South pain her freedom, if Lincoln were killed. 
By the death of Lincoln, Andukw Johnson, of Tennes- 
see, the Vice-President, became President of the United. 
States. 

Davis Capttued. 

2. Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate 
States, was captured by the Federals in Georgia. He 
■was taken to Fortress Monroe, in Viri^inia, put in close 
confinement, and, at one time, in irons. He Avas kept 
in prison for more than two j'ears. Finally, in 1868 
he was brou<(ht before the U. S. Court at Richmond, to 
be tried on the charge of treason. The Government, 
however, released him without a trial. 

Slavery Abolished. 

3. Congress, in 1805, passed an amondnient to the 
Constitution abolishing negro slavery. Tliree-fourlhs 
of the States agreed to this amendment, the Southern 
States being required by President Johnson to ratify- it. 
Hence, the President proclaimed it a part of the Con- 
stitution, on the 18th of December, 18G5. 

Reconstruction Measures. 

4. Upon the close of the war, President Johnson 
appointed Military Governors over many of the States 

2. Where was PrcBldent DftvlB captnrcd ? Where was he taken ? llow 
trcntert ? How lonu' was he kept iu prison? Wlion was he hrought heforo 
conn for trial " On wliat cliariri' ? What was done ? 

:i. What amendnKiit to tlie ('onutilntion was panperl in ISftt? Was It 
ratilU'd l>.v tlircefonrtlit* of tlic States? What did rresidenl Johnson re- 
quire of tlic Southern States? 

I. Upon tlic do^e of the war. how were the Southern States poverned? 
What did these tiovernor!» order? What was John-'on's plan? Wa« this 
(lone? Was Coni;re-« i^iitis'lied with thi^- ? What other amendment to the 
Conctiiution was lapsed hy ('oii;.'ress? What was the ohject of theN'orth- 
erners iutbis? Were the Southern States compelled to adopt this nmend- 
meut? 



1865.] JOJINSOJ^'S ADMINIHTMATION. 203 

that had seceded. These Governors ordei-ed an election 
of members to form State Conventions. President 
Johnson's plan was to recognize the State Governments 
formed by these Conventions, as soon as they should 
repeal their Ordinances of Secession, repudiate their 
Confederate debt, and ratify the amendment for the 
abolition of slavery. This was done, and soon the 
State Governments were in ojjcration. Congress, how- 
ever, was not satisfied with this state of affairs. An- 
other amendment to the Constitution was passed by 
Congress, which would allow the negroes to vote, and 
would prevent many of the Southern white people from 
voting. The Northerners hoped by this to be able to 
govern the people of the South in the States as well as 
in Congress. The Southern people were compelled to 
adopt this amendment before they were allowed to 
form State Governments, and to send Representative 
to Congress. 

Impeachment op President Johnson. 

5. President Johnson was opposed to the plans of 
Congress. Hence, he was impeached (that is, charged 
with "high crimes and misdemeanors") by the House 
of Representatives, and tried by them before the Senate 
of the United States. After a long and tedious trial, 
he was acquitted. During the year 1867, the United 
States purchased Russian America. This tract contains 
about five hundred thousand square miles, and the price 
paid was $7,200,000 in gold. 

5. Why was President Johnson impeached by Congress? By whom 
tried? Before wloni? Result? What purchase was made by the United 
Slates iu 1867 7 Uow much paid? 



204 UlSTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. [1S09. 

Grant i;r,KfTKD PaEstnENT. 

6. In November, 1868, General U. S. Grant, of Illinoi«i, 
was elected President of the United Stales. Virginia, 
Mississipi^i, and Texas were not allowed to vote at this 
election. In the other Southern States, the neijfroes 
voted, and all these States cast their electoral votes for 
Grant, except Georgia. In 1869, the great Pacific 
Ilailroad was finished. This road, with its connecting 
roads, joins the Atlantic and Pacific States, and is one 
thousand seven hundred and twenty-seven miles long. 
It was built in a little more than three years, and cost 
about seventy-five million dollars. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS ON" PART IV. 

PAGE 

1. State the signs that Indicated the approach of the Sectional 

War Irtl 

2. Give tlic lilstory of the Secession of Soutli Carolina.™ IW l(i> 

3. Of tlie fornialiim of tlie ('onfLHlt-iate States, and tlieir first acts. 165 

4. Give tlio liistory of the Peace Conference _ 160 

5. Of the fall of Kort Sumter 166 

6. Of the Secession of Virginia, and other Border States 106 167 

7. Give an account of the mob at Baltimore 167 

8. Of the activity of the Federals, and of tlie Confederates 107 108 

9. Give an account of the Battle of Manassas 169 170 

10. Of the war in Missouri 170 171 

11. Of tlie Federal naval expeditions in 1S61 171 

12. Give an account of the war in West Virginia 171 172 

1.^ Of the Battle of J>eeshnig 172 

H. Of the seizure of Mason and Slidell 173 

1.5. Of the capture of Fort Donelson 171 

16. Of the Federal advance to Corinth. Of the Battle of Shiloh.174 175 

17. Give an account of tlie Inauguration of Davis. His cliaracter. 175 

18. Of the fall of New Orleans 175 176 

0. Wlio wnB elected Piepident in 18r.8? Wliat States were not allowed 
to vote? Wlio Voted in the other Soulliern btntes? For whom did tlune 
Si!itL'8 vote? Wliiii WHS coiiiplctud in ISG'J? What docs it uuito ? liow 
long is it? In what liino built? Cost? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS ON PART IV. 205 

PAGE 

19. Of the capture of Roanoke Island 176 

20. Of the naval battle neai" Norfolk 176 177 

21. Describe the advance of McClellan up the Peninsula 177 

22. Give an account of Stonewall Jackson's Valley campaign 17S 

23. Of the Seven Days' flghtiug around Richmond 179 

24. Of Lee's advance into Maryland IgO igi 

25. Of the Invasion of Kentucky in 18G2 181 

26. Of the Battle of Fredericksburg 182 

27. Of the Battle of Murfreesboro 182 

28. What was Lincoln's Proclamation of January, J883? 183 

29. What was the situation of the two sections at the close of 1862? 183 

30. Give an account of the Battle of Chancellorsville 183 181 

31. Of Lee's Pennsylvania campaign I84 I85 

32. Give an account ol the fall of Vicksburg. Of Port Hudson. ..185 186 
33 Of Grierson's cavalry raid. Of Morgan's 186 

34. Of the Siege of Charleston 186 I87 

35. Of the Battles of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge 187 

36. Describe the condition of the South at the close of 1863 187 188 

37. The condition of the North at that time 188 

38. Give an account of Banks' Red River Expedition 189 

39. Of Grant's advance to Petersburg 190-191 192 

40. Of Sigel's, and Hunter's advance in the Valley of Virginia 193 

41. Of Early's advance into Maryland I93 191 

42. Of Sheridan's campaign against Early 19I 195 

43. Of the sinking of the Alabama iy,3 

44. Give the history of Sherman's capture of Atlanta 196 197 

45. Of Hood's advance into Tennessee I97 195 

46. Of Sherman's advance from Atlanta to Raleigh 193 199 

47. State the condition of affairs at Petersburg in 1865 199 

48. State the manner in which Richmond was captured 200 

49. Give an account of the retreat and capture of Lee's army 200 

50. Of the sun-ender of other Confederate armies 200 

51. State the forces of the Federals during the Sectional War 201 

52. Of the Confederates 201 

53. The Federal and Confederate debts, and depreciation of cur- 

rency 201 

54. Give an account of the assassination of Lincoln 201 202 

55. Of the treatment of Jefferson Davis 202 

56. Give the history of the Reconstruction measures 202 203 

57. Of the impeachment of President Johnson 203 

58. Of the election of President Grant 204 



206 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
Passed July 4, 1776. 



A Declaration by the Repffsctitattfts of the Vititcd States 0/ Anieiiia, 
in Con^iess assimbled. 

WiiKN in the course of huninn ev«-nts, it l)ecnmes npopssary for one 
pcopk- to dissolve tlie jioiliral l)anils wlitcli liavc ct)nm-i'H'cl tlitni 
Willi iinoiVt-r, and to assiuno, anion^i the powiTS of tlie earth, tlie 
sejjiirate anil equal slaiion to which the laws of nature and of nature's 
God entitle llu-ni.a die»-nt resptet to the opinions of mankind re- 
<luiros that they should declare the causes which Impel them to the 
separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created 
erjual ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain un- 
alienable riphts ; that amons these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of 
happiness. That, to secure these rij^hts, governments are Instituted 
nniont; men, deriviuf; their Just powers from the consent of the jiov- 
erned ; that, whenever any form of t^overnment beconu's destructive 
of these ends, it is the riyht of the people to alter or to abolish it, and 
to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such prin- 
ciples, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem 
most likely to eflect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, 
will <lictate that goverumenta long established, should not bechanged 
for light and transient causes; and, accordinglj-, all exi)erience hath 
shown, that mankind are more disjiosed to suffer, while evils are suf- 
ferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which 
they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usur- 
pations, pursuing invariably the J^amo object, evinces a design to 
reduce them under absolute despotism, It Is their right. It is their 
duty, to throw ott such goveriwnent, and to provide new guards for 
their future security. Such has been the patient sullerance of these 
colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to 
alter their former .systems of government. Thehlstory of the present 
king of Great Hritain Isa histury of repeated Injuries and usurpations, 
all having, in direct object, the eslahlishmeut of an absolute tyranny 
over these Stales. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid 
world : 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary 
for the public good. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 207 

He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and 
pressing importance, nnless suspended in their operation till his 
assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he lias utterly- 
neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for tlie accomraodation of large 
districts of people, unless those people would relinquisli the right of 
representation in the legislature ; a right inesLiraable to them, and 
formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncom- 
fortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for 
the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance witli his measures. 
He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing 
witla manly firmness. Ills invasions on tlie riglits of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after sucli dissolutions, to cause 
otliers to be elected; wliereby tlie legislative powers, incapable of 
annihilation, liave returned to the people at large for their exercise; 
the State remaining, in tlie mean time, exposed to all the danger of 
invasion from witliout, and convulsions witliin. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for 
that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; 
refusing lo pass others to encourage their migration hither, and rais- 
ing tlie conditions of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administi-atiou of justice, by refusing his 
assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of 
their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms 
of officers to harass our people, and eat out tlieir substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without 
the consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior 
to, the civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction for- 
eign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his 
assent to their acts of pretended legislation : 
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 
For protecting tliem, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any 
murders which they should comuTiit on the inhabitants of these 
Slates: 
For cutting oflFour trade with all parts of the world : 
For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 
For depriving us, in many cases, of the l^eneflts of trial by jury : 
For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended oftences: 
For abolishing tlie free system of English laws in a neighboring 
province, establisliing therein an arbitrary government, and en- 
larging its boundaries, so as lo render it at once an example and fit 
instrument for introducing tiie same absolute rule into these col- 
onies: 



208 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDESUE. 

For takinKfiwny our ohnrters, nbolisliinp our most vaiiinble laws, 
ami altering, liuuhuin'iilally, the poworsj of our governments. 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves 
Invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has al)dieated government here, by declaring us out of his pro- 
tection and wivging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, 
and destroyed the lives of our peo|)le. 

He is, at this time, transport in'; large armies of foreign mercenaries 
to complete tlie worlcs of death, desolation, and tyranny, already 
begun, with circumstances of cruelty aTid perfidy scarcely paralleled 
In the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy.the head of a 
civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high 
seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners 
of their friends and bretliren, or to fall themselves by their lianils. 

He has excitcil domestic insuiTcclioiis amongst us, and has endeav- 
ored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian 
savages, whose known rule of warfare Is an undistinguished destruc- 
tion of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of tliese oppressions, we have petitioned for redress. 
In the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered 
only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked 
by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a 
free people. 

Nor have we been wanting In attention to our British brethren. 
M'e liave warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their 
legislature to extend an uuwarrantal)le jurisdiction over us. We 
liave reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and 
settlement here. We have appealed to their native Justice and mag- 
nanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common 
kindred, to disavow these usurjiations, which would inevitably Inter- 
rupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf 
to the voice of Justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, 
acJiuiesce in the necessity, wliicli d'^uftunces our separation, and 
hold tljem, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies In war, in peace, 
friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme 
Judge of the World for the rectitude of our Intentions, do, in the 
name, ancl l>y the authority of the good people of tlicse colonies, sol- 
emnly i>ul)Iisli and declare. That these United Colonies are, and of right 
ougiit to be vnv.v. and iNnKPKNiJKNT St.vtks; that tliey are al)solved 
from all allegiance to tlu- iirilisli crown, and tliat all p()liti<'al connc<-- 
tion Ixtwi-en them and the state of Great Uritain, Is, and ouglit to be, 
totally dissolved; and tliat as free and independent States, they liave 
full power to levy war, cf)ncludo peace, contract alliances, eslablisli 
commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 209 

States may of right do. And, for the support of this declaratio!^, 
with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we 
mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred 
honor. 

[The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, en- 
grossed, and signed by the following members:] 

JOHN HANCOCK. 

Neio Hampshire.— J osiA.n Bartlett, William Whipple, Mat- 
thew Thjknton. 

Jl/as.sac7i?/se/^sSa!/.— Samuel Adams, JohkAbams, Robert Treat 
Paine, Eldkidge Gerry. 

Mhode Inland.— Stkfsen Hopkins, William Ellery. 

Connecticut.— HoGER Shekman, Samuel Huntington, William 
Williams, Oliver Wolcott. 

JSfeiv York.— William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 

Neuj Jersey.— KzcnxTiX) STOCKTON, JoHN Witiierspoon, Francis 
HopKiNSON, John Hart, Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania.— HonKKT Morp-is, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin 
Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George 
Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. 

Delaware.— CMiXR Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. 

MaryHnd.— Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Chas. 
Carroll, of Carroll ton. 

Fw-^ima.— George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jef- 
ferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jun., Francis 
Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. 

North Ca?-o/inrt.— William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn, 

Soiah Carolina. — Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jun., 
Thomas Lynch, Jun., Arthur IMiddleton. 

G'eo)-£?ia.— Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 



CONSTITUTION 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



We, the people of the United Blates, In order to form ft more perfect 
Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for 
the coramon defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the 
blessingsof liberty to ourselves and onr posterity, do ordain and 
establish this CONSxiTCTTroN for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. 

Secttion 1. All lesislrttlve powers heroin uranted shall be vested In 
a Congress of the United Slates, which shall consist of a Senate and 
House of Representatives 

Skction 2. fl] The House of Representatives shall be composed of 
members chosen every second year by the people of the several 
States, and the electors in eacli State shall have the qualifications 
requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Leg- 
islature. 

[2] No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained 
to the age of twenty-five years, and l)een seven years a citizen of the 
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of 
that State In which he shall be chosen. 



PKFAMnLK.— Kor wlmt piirposps wns the Constltiillon ordnlnofl nnd psfnMlplird » 
Wii^ It ciclaliicil hihI l■^lll^!i^ll(■ll In ilic |i(<it'l<' "I llic Inllcfl (■tiil( h id n iiinBS. or liy 
tlic people iif eiieli StnlP i-epiiiiitely V Ann. By llie people of endi Sinio sepnriilcly. 

Wlinl (lepailiiienls ol" pDveni'i ent me rstiiMlstied Py llie ('oiiMltutlon y Anx. 
Tlie leplNliitlve. llip exe<'Utlvc. ai!(l tlifjurllelnl. 'Wliiit Is the l(;:lslallve (le|>Hrtiiieiit v 
Aris The power tlint pnncls tlie laws. AVliat, the Jiidlclnl ? Atis. 1'lie power tliiit 
Interprets tbo lows. Wliat. the executive? Ans. The power tliat executes the 
laws. 

Abticlk I. Btc. 1.— In •whom Is the lPBl8latl,ve power vested? Of what does It 
consist ? 

*W' 'i. fl] By whom are ihe reprpspnlatlves choppn y ITow orten? 'VMint Is an 
elector? Aun. One who has ilie rl^lit to vote in chooslnR nn ollleer. 

[2J What are the three quallflcatloua uecessary for a rcprfscntallve ? 



CONSTITUTION OF TEE UNITED STATES. 211 

[3] Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among 
the several States which may be included within tliis Union, ac- 
cording to their respective numbers, wliich shall be determined by 
adding to the wliole number of free persons, including those b6uud 
to service for a terra of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 
fiftlis of all other persons.* The actual enumeration shall be made 
within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the 
United States, and witliin every subsequent term of ten yeai's, in such 
manner as tliey sliall by law direct. The number of representatives 
shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall 
have at least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall 
be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, 
Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island aud Providence Plantations one, 
Connecticut five, New York six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, 
Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five. South 
Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

[4] Wlien vacancies happen in the representation from any State, 
theExecutiveautliority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such 
vacancies. 

[5] The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and 
other officers ; and shaJi have the sole power cf impeachment. 

Section 3. [1] The Senate of the United States shall be composed of 
two Senators fruin each State, chosen by the Legislature tiiereof, for 
six years ; and eacli senator shall have one vote 

[2] Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of 
the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three 
classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at 
the expiration of the second year, of tlie second class at the exiair- 
ation of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the 
sixth year, so that one-tliird may be chosen every second year ; and if 
vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the 
Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary 
appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall 
then fill sucli vacancies. 



*See Article XIV. of the Amendments. 



[3] How were representatives nnd direct taxes apportionod among the States' 
■\Vtio were to be counted in ttie represeutative population ? AVho excludcid ' What 
wa,s meant by " all other persons " ? Aus. Slaves. When was tlie lirst census to be 
made? Uow often afterwards? What number of people was entitled to one repre- 
siiniative? What number in ISUO ? A7is. l'J?,oSl. 

[4 J How are vacancies In the representation lillcd ? 

15) liy whom is the Speaker of the House of Kepresentatives chosen? What 
powei- belongs alone to the House of Kepresentatives? What is tlie meaning of 
•' iiiipeachmeui'' ? Aiis. "A charge brought against a public oiHcer for maiad- 
miuisiration Id his office." 

^ec. '6. [1] Of whom is the Senate composed? By whom chosen? For what time' 
How many votes has each Senator ? 

[^1 Into how many classes arc the senators divided? What proportion of the 
Senate are elected every second year ? When may vacancies be filled by the Gover- 
nor of a State ? How long do these temporary appointees hold their places' Who 
nil the vacancies then? 



212 OO:>8TITUTI0N OF THE VNITED STATES. 



[3] No person Rhall bo a Sf nntor M'ho shiill not linvc nttainod to Iho 
ape of thirty years, and boon nine yearsa eltlzon nf 'n- T'niti'<ISfat<'s, 
and who shall not, when elected, be an inltal)ita!it o: that slate for 
whloh he shall be chosen. 

[1] The Vice-Prcsidont of the United States shall bo Prosiilontof the 
Senate, ))nt shall have no vole unless tht y he equally divided. 

[5] The Senate sliall ehoosc their otlior officers, and also a President 
pro tempore in the al)senee of the Vice-President, or when he shall 
exorcise the office of President of the I'nited States. 

[6] The S'enate siiall have the sole power to try all Impeachments. 
Wlien sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. 
When the President of the United States Is tried, the rhief-Juslice 
shall preside: And no person shall be convicted without the con- 
currence of two-tlilrds of the members present. 

[7J Judgment in eases of Impeachment shall not extend further than 
to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any 
otlicc of lionor, trust or prolit, under tlie Ignited States; but tlie party 
convicted shall nevertlicless l)e lialde and subject to indictment, trial. 
Judgment, and punisliment, according to law. 

Section 4. [1] The times, placesand manner of holding elections for 
Senators and Representatives, sliall be prescribed in eacli State by the 
Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make 
or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

[2] Tlie Congress shall assembleat least once in every year, and such 
meeting shall be on the liist Monday in Dcccmljor, unless they shall 
by law appoint a different day. 

Skction 5. [1] Kach House shall be the Judge of the elections, 
returnsand qualifications of its own memiiers, ami a majority of each 
shall constitute a quorum to do Ijusiness; but a smaller number may 
adjourn from flay to day, and may be aulliorized to compel the at- 
tendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such pen- 
alties as each House may provide. 

[2] Eacli liouso may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish 
Its memliers for <lisorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of 
two-thirds, expel a member. 



fan ■What are tlifi nnnlUlcntlonB neressnry for n Srnntor? 
41 Wliolstlicrri'sldcnt ofllicSoiwIc? Has lie ii vctc? ■Wlmn? 
5) Iiy wlioiii lire ttic "tlicr oHlccrs of tlie Si-niitc cliosen? Wlicn docs the Senate 
clinosc'ii ricsiilciit i>r<) li'iiiporo? 

fill Wlpit power l)('lo!iL'!» lo llic ScnntP alone? AN lio prrsldrs wlien the rr^'sldcnf of 
the I'lilliMl Stiitc!^ Is trl< (1 y What Is necessary for eo' vicllon ? 

171 To what extent does Jiulirnienl In eases of Ininearhnivnt reach? To what Ih 
the convicted party liable and suhject, aceordlng to law ? 

Ser 4 ni Wh'it does the l.eslslatiire of each Stale prescribe? Who may make or 
alter sneh reenbitlons? WUli what exrentinn? 

(21 How often must Concrc's assemble? W hen ? 

Ser 5 ril Of what Is eneh House thelndire? What shall eonslllnle a f|"oriini? 
AVIiaf Is meant by r^"q>inriim " f Mm- •' Smli a nnnil). r ofim inliers as Is comi eieiit 
by law to transact tuislness " How may al'senl memberg bu compelled to attunil? 

li] Mention other powers which each House has. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 213 

[3] Each House shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and from 
time to time publish tlie same, excepting such parts as may in their 
judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of 
either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those 
present, be entered on the Journal. 

[4] Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the 
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any 
other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Section 6. [1] Tlie Senators and Representatives shall receive a 
comiDensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid 
out of tlie treasury of the United States. They sliall in all cases except 
treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest 
during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and 
In going to and returning fi-om the same ; and for any speech or debate 
in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

[2] No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he 
was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the 
United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments 
whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person 
holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either 
House during his continuance in office. 

Section 7. [1] All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 
House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with, 
amendments as on other bills. 

[2] Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives 
and tha Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the 
President of the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if 
not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it 
shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their 
Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration 
two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent 
together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall 
likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds ol that House 
it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses 
shall be determined by j'eas and nays, and the names of the persons 
voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the Journal of each 



tS] What must each House keep ? What is said about publishing the proceedin"-8 '> 
"What proponlon of each House may demand the yeas and nays on any question ? ' 

[4] \Yhat is said in resard to adjournment? 

iSec.li. [1] How are the Senators and Kepresentatives paid? What is their present 
pay? Alls. Five thousand dollars per year, and twenty cents per mile of travel to 
and from Washington City. For what alone may Senators and Uepresentatives be 
arrested during the session of their re-ipective Houses? What Is '•fetoni/ " "> Ans 
Any oftence punishable with death Is a felony. 

[a] What is said of the appointment ot a Senator or Kepresentative to a civil 
office? May a person hold an othce under the United States and be a member of 
either House at the same time? 

Sec. 7. LU Which branch of Congress has alone the power ot onginatiuo- bills for 
raising revenue ? What power has the Senate in this connection ? 

[2] To whom must the bills passed by both branches of Congress be presented for 
approval ? How can they become laws without liis approval ? 



214 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Honse resppctlvoly. If nny bill shall not beretiimrd by the President 
witliiii ten days (Sundays excepted) after itsliall have l>een presented 
to hlni, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if lie bad sit;ned 
It, unless the Congress by tlieir adjournment prevent its return, in 
which case it sliall not be a law. 

[3] Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives may l)e necessary (except on a 
question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the 
United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be ap- 
proved by him, or l>elng dIsHpproved by him, shall be repassid l)y two- 
thirds of the Senate and House of Representitives, according to the 
rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Section 8. [1] Tlie ConRress shall have power 

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the 
dcbis and provide for tlie common defence and nem lai welfare of the 
United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform 
throuRhout the United States; 

12] To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 

[;^] To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the sev- 
eral States, and with the Indian Tribes; 

[4] To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws 
on the subject of bankruptcies throuKliout tlie United slates; 

[5] To coin money, regulate the value Ihereot, and of foreign coin, 
and fix tlie stamlard of weights and measures; 

[6] To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
current coin of the United States ; 

[7] To establish post offlccs and post roads; 

[8] To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for 
limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their re- 
spective writings and discoveries; 

[3] To wlint else does this regnlntlon npnly hesUlcs to hllU'> TViint qncBtlon may 
be settled wltliout belni; siihmlticd to llie Prosldcni for !\pi)rovnl ? 

Sec.%. [1] Wluit Is the lirsl power crnntcd to Con-ireHH? Wlint Is a tTr f Aiii>. 
A riite, or sum of money iinsi-ised on tin' ))eison or |proj)erly of n citizen by Govern- 
liicnt for the use of 8;ild (".oveMiment. AVIint nre I'liU xr Aim. Taxes on tlic Importa- 
tion, exportation, or eonMiniptlon of conds. 'WImt nre Itn/insnir Avs. Here ttio 
meaning Is taxes on poods wlileli are Imported. Wlmt arc f.rc/.sr*? Atm. Taxes on 
Roods which are prodiiceil or mauufaclured in tUo country. May tlieso taxes bo 
unequal In dlll'erent States? 

[2] What Is the second power pranted to Coneress? Third? Fonrth? What U 
meant by iiiilurulh'itlon t Aiix. The act of Investing a forelirner with the rlj;hls and 
prlvlleKi'S of a native suhjcet. What do the naturalization laws r<M|ulrey Ann. 
They reciulrc a residence of' five years In the country ou the part of a foreigner before 
he can become a citizen. 

1,5] What Is the lUth power granted to Consress? Sixth? Seventh? Klchthf 
Wliatis a copyrlgtiir Au». The exeliislvc richi Rranted to an author of nubllshliif; a 
book for twentyclRht years. Willi the prlvlh-L'e of renewing It then lor fourteen 
years. What Is a piiU'iil rii//il f Ann. The exeliiflve riL'lit pranted to an Inventor ••( 
n machine of manufacturing It for fuurteco i curs, with iliu prlvllci^u of then reuowln^; 
it fur bcvuu yuurs. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 215 

[9] To constitute ti-ibunals inferior to the supreme court ; 

[10] To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the 
liigli seas, and offences against tlie law of nations ; 

fll] To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make 
rules concerning captures on land and water; 

[12] To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to 
that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

[13] To provide and maintain a navy ; 

[14] To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces ; 

[15] To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; 

[16] To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, 
and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the ser- 
vice of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the ap- 
pointment of the ofHcers, and the authority of training the militia 
according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 

[17] To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over 
such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of 
particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of 
the Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority 
over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State 
In which tlie same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsen- 
als, dock-yards, and other needful buildings;— and 

[18] To make all laws which shall be necessarj^ and proper for carry- 
ing into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested 
by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in 
any department or officer thereof. 

Section 9. [1] The migration or importation of such persons as any 
of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be 
prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight liun- 
dred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, 
not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 

[2] The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, 
unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may 
require it. 

[9] What is the ninth power granted to Cona;ress? Tenth? What is piracy? 
Anx. Kobljcry on the liigh seas. What is meant by high sea.^i' Ans. All the waters 
of the ocean bevoncl the limits of low v/ater mark. Kleventh power? What are 
letters of marque and reprisal? Ann. Commissions granted to individuals, giving 
tliciu authority to capiure the vessels, &c., of a lotlier nation. Twelfth power? 
To what time is the appropriation limited? Thirteenth power? Fourteenth power? 

[l.ij What is the filieenth power granted to Congress? Sixteentli power? What 
right, is reserved to the States? Seventeenth power? What consent is necessary 
befme forts, &c., can be erected by the United States Government? Eighteenth 
power ? 

Hec. 9. [1] What was permitted until 1808 ? Who were meant by " such persons " ? 
Ann. Slaves. When was this importation prohibited by Congress ? Ans. Jan. 1st, 
180S. 

[ij When alone may the writ of habeas corpus be suspended? What is meant by 
the icrit of knbe'ts corijusf Ans. A written order given by a magistrate command- 
ing that a certain person shall be brought before him. 



216 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

[3] No bill of fittnlnder or ex-post facto law shall be passed. 

[-1] No capilrttlon, or other ilirect lax shall be laid, unless in propor- 
tion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore direeted to be taken 

[5] No tax or duty sha'.l be laid on articles exported from any State. 

[0] No preference sliall be Riven by any regulation of commerce or 
revenue to the ports of one .State over tliosc of another ; nor sliall ves- 
sels bound to, or from, cue State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay 
duties in another. 

[7] No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but In consequence 
of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account 
of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be pub- 
lished from time to time. 

[8] No title of nobility shall be granted by the United Stales; and no 
person holding any olhce of profit or trust under them, shall, without 
the consent of the t'on^ress, accept of any present, emolument, ofllce, 
or title, of any kind wiiatever, from any kiufi, prince or foreijiu State. 

Section 10. [1] No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or 
confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin nionej' ; 
emit bills of credit ; nialte any thing but gold and silver coin a tender 
In payment of debts; p:uss any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, 
or law impairing tiie obligation of contracts, or grant any title of 
nobility. 

[2J No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any 
Imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what njay be abso- 
lutely necessarj- for executing its inspection laws; and the net pro- 
duce of all duties and imposts, laid by any .State on importsorexporis, 
shall be for the use of the treasury of the United .States ; and all such 
laws shall be sulyect to the revision and control of the Congress. 

[3] No Strtte siiaU, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of 
tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any 
agreement or coinpa(rt witli another State, or witli a foreign power, or 
engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger 
as will not admit of delay 



[31 Wlint, bill or law sliall not be passed? Wliat Is n bVl of ntt Under f Ans. An 
act of llie lfKi«l:ilurt; liv wlilili a peinoii sii|ipo8i-(l to be Rullty or lilfli t-rlnics may be 
P"t to (lentil willioiil oilifi- trial. What Is an ex post fiicto law ? Ant. A law which 
luaki'S an act inuilsliable which was not pnnl^hahlc at the tiiiic of Its couuulssiun. 

[41 What resti Icilun U there to a capitation, or other direct tax? 
5) What artlcis shall not be taxed? 
(i What Is said In le^'ard to revenue and commerce? 

'7I When only may money be drawn from the treasury? What statement mnst be 
published from time to time? 

[8] What Is said In regard to title of nobility ? Acceptance of presents, oinces, *c.? 

dec. 10 lU What Is each State lorbldUeu to do? What Is staled ithall bu alono 
made a tender In payment of debts? , „ , .... ^ .. o 

m What restriction Is laid upon each State In rccard to laying Imposts or duties? 
What Is to he dune with the net produee of such lmp()^^ts? 

[3j What reslrlcilous arc laid upon each Stale by ihw clause ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 217 

ARTICLE II. 

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Section 1. [1] The executive power shall be vested in a President of 
the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the 
term of four years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for 
the same term, be elected, as follows: 

[2] Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature 
thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number 
of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled 
in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding 
an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed 
an elector. 

[3] [*The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by 
ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant 
of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all 
the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list 
they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the 
Government of the United States, directed to the President of the 
Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and 
the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest 
number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority 
of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more 
than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of 
votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose 
by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a majority, 
then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like 
manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the 
votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State 
having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a mem- 
ber or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all 
the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the 
choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes 
of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there sliould re- 
main two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose 
from them by ballot the Vice President.] 

• This clause within brackets has been superseded and annulled by the 12th amendment. 



AUT. IT. Sec. 1. [t] In whom is the executive power vested? For what time' 
{2] How are the electors, wliu choose the President and Vice-President, selected' 
How many are selected In each State? Who are excluded from appointment as 
electors ? 

[3] By wliat amendment has this clause been superseded and annulled? (See foot- 
note.) 

11 



218 CONSTITUTION OF TEE UNITED STATES. 

[1] Tho ConKTfess may dptermlne the time of choosing the electore, 
and tlie day on which tlioj- shall give their votes; whicli day shall be 
the same thronghoot the Unitetl States. 

[5J No person except a natnral born citizen, or n citizen of the UnitCti 
States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible 
to the offlce of President ; neither srtiall any person l)e eligible to that 
oflice who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and 
been fourteen years a resident within the United Slates. 

[6] In case of the removal of the President from otllce, or of his death, 
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the 
said oflice, tlie same shall devolve on the Vice Pret^ldent, and the 
Congress may !>>' law provide for the case of removal, death, resigna- 
tion, or inability both of the President and Vice I'resldent, declaring 
what officer shall then act as President, and such oflieer shall act ac- 
cordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be 
elected. 

[7] The Piesldent shall, at stated times, receive for hfs services, a 
compensation, which sliall neltlier be increased nordimlnished during 
the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not re- 
ceive within that period any other emolument from the United States, 
or anj' of them. 

[8] Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the 
following oath or afflrniation :— 

"I do solemnly swear (or aflirm) that I will faithfully execute the 
" offlce of President of the United States, and will to tho best of 
"my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitatlon of the 
"United States." 

Sectio:? 2. [1] The President shall be Commander-in-chief of the 
Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Milltlu of the sev- 
eral States, when called into the actual service of the United States; 
he may require the opinion, in writing, of llie principiil odieer in each 
of the executive departments, uix>n any .subject relating to the duties 
of tlicir respective olHces, and he shall have power to grant reprieves 
and pnrdon.s for oll'euces against the United States, except in cases of 
impeachment. 

[2] Ho shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present 



ril Wlint Bntborltv Is clvpn to ConcrpM by this clause? When are the electors 
chosen '■' Aii». On the 1 iicsiliiy next iiricr the llr-st Mcimliiy In tlio liLst N'ovumhcr of 
each rrWuicntlnl tcnn. When do th' electors meet to k'vo their votes? An». On 
llie llrst Wednesdiiy In the lii.^t Ueeeniher (if each rresldeiitliil term? 

I."")! Wliiit lire tlic i|Uiillli(Mitlini^ iiceessiiry for any one to lie President ? 

ffil When Clin llie dutli-* of President devolve on the Vkco president? In wliat 
case ean Concress llil a vaeanev In the offlce of President ? 

\',\ What Is hen- siild In resrard to the eonipeiisntlon ol'the President? What Is his 
sjUary? /Ihh. ii5,<J(M) per annum. What is that of the VlccPrcaident? 2I1M. $S00O 
per iiniunu. 

IS) WImt oath must he Inken liy the President .■' 

Sec. 'i 111 What [lowers are Krauicd to iliu i'rcslUcnt by tbU claune ? 

[21 WlMt oy tUu Micoud clause ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 219 

concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con- 
sent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers 
and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other oflicers of the 
United States, wliose appointments are not herein otherwise pi"o- 
vided for, and which shall be established by law: but the Congress 
may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they 
think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or iu 
the heads of departments. 

[3] The President shall have power to flU up all vacancies that may 
happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions 
which shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress informa- 
tion of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration 
such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on 
extraoi'dinary occasions, convene both Houses or either of them, and 
in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of 
adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think 
proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he 
shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commis- 
sion all the officers of the United States. 

Section 4. The President, Vice-President and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and 
conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 

THE aXTDICIAL DEPAKTMENT. 

Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested 
in one supreine court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may 
from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of tiie 
supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices" during good 
behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a com- 
pensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance 
in office. 

Section 2. [1] The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law 
and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United 
States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their au- 
thority;— to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, 
and consuls;— to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ;— 
to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; — to con- 
troversies between two or more States;— between a State and citizens 



[3] What by the third clause ? 

Sec. 3. Wliat duties devolve upon the President ? 

Sec. 4. How may the President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United 
States, be removed from ottice? 

Art. III. i'ec. 1. In what is tlie judicial power of the United States vested? How 
long do the .iudses hold their offices? » 

Sec. 2. [1] To what cases does the judicial power extend? 



220 CONSTITUTION OF TUE UNI TED STATES. 

of another State;— between citizens of dlflerent States;— between 
citizens of tlie same iStale claiming lands under grants of dUTerent 
States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign Slates, 
citizens, or subjects. 

[2] In all cases alTectlng ambassadors, other public ministers, and 
consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the supreme court 
shall have original Jurisdiction. In ail the other cases before men- 
tioned, the supreme court sliall have appellate Jurihdiction, botli as to 
law and fact, with such exceptions and under sucli regulations as the 
Congress shall make. 

[3] The trial of all crimes, except in cases of Impeachment, sliall be 
by jury; and such trial shall be held In tlio State wliere tiie said 
crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within 
any State, the trial shall bo at such place or places as the Congress 
may l^y law liave directed 

Section 3. [1] Treason against the United States shall consist only 
in levying war against tliem, or In adhering to tlieir enemies, giving 
them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless 
on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confes- 
sion in open court. 

[2] The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of 
treason, but no attainder of treason sliall work corruption of blood, 
or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

KISCELIiANEOUS PEOVIStONS. 

Section 1. Full faith and Cicdit shall be given In each State to the 
puljlic acts, reconls, and judicial proceedings of every otlier State. 
And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in wliich 
such acts, records, and proceedings shall bo proved, and the elfect 
thereof. 

Section 2. [1] The citizens of each State shall bo entitled to all 
privileges and Immunities of citizens in tlie several .States. 

[2] A person eliarged in any Stiito with treason, felony, or other 
crime, who sliailllee from justice, and be found in another State, shall 
on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, 

ri\ In what cnsea has tlic Rnprcme Court orlslnnl Jurisdiction? In wlint, appel- 
late Jurlxdiclloii/' What Is meant liy •' oiliilmil JiirlsdlcIlDn ";•' An8. "'lliat In which 
H suit lUlKlnali'S." What Itmicniit by" appfllalo JurlMllrtlon "? Am. Juilsdictlon 
over cast':, which have hecn app.-ali-d from a lower court. 

[31 llowmii^t all eiliii's he irled? What exception'/ Wncro tried? When may 
Con'.'ie>» ilireit the place of trial ? 

iii'i-.'X lU la what shall treason consist? How shall a person be convicted of 

[21 What power is ncre plven to Concress? With what limitation? 
Aitr. IV. .Sfc. 1. To what must full faith and credit be giveu lu cacn State? 
■What may Con;:ress proscrihe? 
Sec. 'i. I IJ To what pil\lle:;cs shall citizens of each State be entitled? 
[a] How are crUiitiials reclaimed by a State? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 221 

be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the 
crime. 

[3] No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws 
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or 
regulation therein, be dischai'ged from such service or labor, but shall 
be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor 
maybe due. 

Section 3. [1] New States may be admitted by the Congress into 
this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the 
jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the 
junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent 
of the legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 

[2] The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful 
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belong- 
ing to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so 
construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any 
particular State. 

Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this 
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of 
them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the 
executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic 
violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it 
necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the 
application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, 
shall call a convention for proposing anrendments, which, in either 
case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Consti- 
tution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several 
States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the 
other mode of ratification maybe proposed by the Congress: provided 
that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand 
eight hundred and eight shall in any manner afi'ect the first and 
fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no 
State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in 
the Senate. 

[3] What is here, said about persons held to service? Who were meant? Ana, 

Fugitive slaves and apprentices. 

(See. 3. [!] What is said here about the admission of States? 

[2] What power is here given to Congress ? 

Sec. 4. What shall the United States guarantee to every State? When may 
Congre-"* protect a State against domestic violence ? 

Ak I'. V. How may amendments be made to the Constitution ? What amendment 
was forbidden before 18U8 ? Of what shall no State be deprived at any time ? 



222 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATICS, 



ARTICLE VI. 

[1] All debts contracted nud enf^figeinents entered into, before the 
adoption of tlsis Constitution, bIuiII be ns valid aKiiinst llie United 
States under tliis Constitution, as under tlic Confederation. 

[2] This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall 
be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall 
be made, under the authority of tlie United States, sliall be the 
supremo law of tlie land; and tlie judges in every State shall be 
bound therel^y, anytliing in the constitution or laws of any State to 
the contrary notwitlistanding. 

[3] Tlie Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the 
members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judi- 
cial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall 
be l)ound by oatli or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no 
religious test sliall ever be required as a qualification to any office or 
public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient 
for tlie estal)lisliment of this Constitution between the States so 
ratifying tlie same. 
Done in Convent ion by the unanimous consentof the States present 
the seventeenth day of September, in tiie year of our I^ord one 
thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the indepen- 
dence of tlie United States of America the twelftli. In Witness 
whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. 

GEORGE WASHINGTOX, 
Resident, and Deputy from Virginia. 

JTerv HrimpxJiire.— Jon's LAxr.noN, NicnoLAS Gii.man. 
Ma.ssachiixclts.— KAVUASIKI. GoitHAM, Kui rs KiNO. 
Cyj>iJifc/ic('/.— Wm. Sami.. Johnson, KogekSukhman. 
KCW rorA-.— ALKXANDKR Hamii-ton. 

KetvJcr.iei/.—Wit.: IiiviNGSTON, Wm. Patterson, David Brkarley, 
JoNA. Dayton. 

Peni}S!/lvania.—'R. Franklin, RonT. Morris, Tho: Fitzsimons, 
James Wilson, Thomas Mifflin, Geo: Clymer, JaredIngkrsoll, 
Gouv: Morris. 

Delaware— Geo : Read, John Dickenson, .Taco: Broom, Gunning 
Bedi-okd, Jun'r, Hhiiakd Hassett. 

3/a)7//f«/.(i.— James M Henry, Danl. Carroll, Dan: of St. Tugs. 
Jenieer. 

Akt. VI. fll "Wlint debts nre here BRsnmcd hy the Dnltcd States? 
[21 Whnt Hliall t)(' ttie siinronic law of llif lixnd? 

[si Wild Hliall be bound by oulli 'o supiiurl this Constitution? What Is forbidden? 
AiiT. Vll. How many States were nccrssary for the ratlflciitlon of the Constitu- 
tion ? ' 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 223 

Virginia,— loiais Blair, James Madison, Jr. 

North Ccu)-oUncu—Wii.. Blount, Hu. "Williamson, Rich'd Dobbs 
Spaight. 

South Carolina.— J. Rtttledge, Charles Pinckney, Charles Coxes- 
worth PiNCKNEY, Pierce Butlek. 

<?eorflria.— William Few, Abk. Baldwin. 

Attest: WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary, 

The Constitution was adopted on tlie 17th September, 1787, by the 
Convention appointed in pursuance of the resolution of the Congress 
of tlie Confederation, of the 21st February, 1787, and was ratifled by 
tlie Conventions of the several States, as follows, viz: 

By Convention of Delaware, on tlie 7th December, 1787. 

" " Pennsylvania, " 12th December, 1787. 

" " New Jersey, " 18th December, 1787. 

" " Georgia, " 2d January, 1788. 

" " Coniieclicut, " OLh January, 1788. 

" " Mussachusetts, " 6th February, 1788. 

" " Maryland, " 2Sth April, 1788. 

" " South Carolina, " 23d May, 1788. 

" " New Hampshire, " 21st June, 1788, 

" " Virginia, " 26th June, 1788. 

" " New Yorlc, " 26th July, 1788. 

«« *' North Carolina, " 21sfc November, 1789, 

«« «* Rhode Island, « 29th May, 1790. 



AETICLES 

IN ADDITION TO, AKD AMENDMENT OP^ 

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA, 

Proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, 
2)ursuani to the flfih Article qf the original Conslitution. 

ARTICLE I. 

Congress sliall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, 
or prohibiting the free exercise tliereof ; or abridging tlie freedom of 
speech, or oT the press; or of the right of the people peaceably to as- 
semble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 



AMENDMENTS.— Art. I. What laws is Congress forbidden to make ? 



224 CONSTI'J UTJON OF TUE VNllED STATES. 



AUTIOLE II. 

A well-regulated Militia, beiriK necessary to the security of a free 
Slate, the right of the people to keep and bear arms Bliall not be in- 
fringed. 

ARTICLE III. 

No soldier shall, In time of pence, be quartered in any house, ylth- 
out tlie consent of tlie owner, nor In time of war, but in a manner to 
be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, 
and eirccts, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be 
violated, and no warrants sluill issue, but upon prol)able cause, sup- 
ported by oatli or aflirniation, and particularly describing the place to 
be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 

No person shall be hold to answer for a capital, or otherwise in- 
famous crime, unless on a presentment or Indiciment ofagrund Jurj', 
except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, 
when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any 
person be subject for the same olTence to be twice put in jeopardy of 
life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a 
witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, 
without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for 
public use, without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VL 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which distiict shall 
have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of flio 
nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the wit- 
nesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining wit- 
nesses In his favor, and to have the assistauco of counsel for his 
defence. 

Art. it. "Wliat rlclif Ir horn Rccnred tothepfiplfi? 

AitT. III. Wluit Is licri' Kiild In rpgard to fiunrlcrlng goldlerg? 

AiiT. IV. 'U'liiit ilL'lit la here secured to Itic penile? 

AuT. V. Wlmt Is lii'ic s:ild 111 niriird to tiiiil for crime? Whnt, In recnrd to a 
Fpcond rriiil ? Wlmt. in repiird to Kivlni: lestln;ony? Of wliat niny not n person bo 
deprived without diic proot 88 of liiw ? Wlml U siild about private properly? 

Abt. VI. What provisions are hero mode In regard lo trial for crime ? 



CONSTllUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 225 

ARTICLE VII. 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no 
fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of 
the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, 
nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be 
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, 
nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respective- 
ly, or to the people. 

ARTICLE XI. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to 
extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against 
one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or 
subjects of any foreign State. 

ARTICLE XII. 

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot 
for President and Vice President, one of wliom, at least, shall not be 
an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in 
their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots 
the person voted for as Vice President, and they shall make distinct 
lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for 
as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists 
they shall sign and certify , and transmit sealed to the seat of the govern- 
ment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate;— 
The President of the Senate shall, in presence of tlae Senate and 



Art. VII. What provision here in regard to suits? What proliibitlon ? 

AuT, VIII. What is here said in regard to bail, fines, and punishments'-' 

Art. IX. What is he:e said of the lights retained bv the people ? 

Art. X What powers are reserved to the States '^ 'Wheu were the first ten 
aniendinents declared adopted V Ann. In 1791. 

Aki". XI. What restriction is licre laid upon the judicial power ol' the United 
States? When was the llth amendment declared adopted :' Ann. In I'THS 

Akt. XII. State the manner in winch the electors choose a I'rtsident. In the 
event of their failing to make a choice, by whom is the President cliosm •' State llie 
manner in which the House of Representatives choose a Fresideiu. In i-.a-h of li-nli 
electors and House of Uepresentatives failing to choose a President, who licc^ninei 
President? In what case does the Senate elect a Vicc-i'ruaidenl? When was the 
12th amendment declared adopted ? Ans. In 1804. 

11* 



226 voNSTiruTios of the united states. 

House of Represent nti VCR, open all the cert 1 float es, and the votes shall 
then be counted '.— Tlie person liavins; the greatest luiniher of votes 
for President, shall he the President, If such nnniher he a majority of 
the whole number of electors appointed; and If no person have such 
majority, tlien from the persons having the highest nnmbe's not ex- 
ceedint; three on the list of those votcil for as I'resident, the House of 
Representatives shall choose Immediately, by ballot, the President. 
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, tho 
representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this 
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the 
States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. 
And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President 
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act 
as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional dis- 
ability of the President. Tho person having the greatest number of 
votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, If such number 
be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no 
person liave a majority, then from the two highest numbers on tho 
list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the 
purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, 
and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
But no person constitutionally ineligible to the olHce of President 
shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 

ARTICLE Xlir. 

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
punishment for crime whereof tho party sliall have been duly con- 
victed, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to 
their jurisdiction. 

SixrioN 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by ap- 
propriate legislation. 

ARTICLE XIV. 

Skction 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, 
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of tlie United 
States and of the State wherein they reside. No State sliall make or 
enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or Immunities of 
citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person 
of life, liberty, or property without due process of law ; nor deny to 
any person within its Jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 



Art. XIIT. Sec. 1. Wlint la the provlHlon of tills Article In rpRntrl to slf.vpry ? 

Sec. 'i. Wlint power Is lieic given CongrcsH? Wlion wim this niiicndincnt declared 
adoptid? Aus. In lt«M. 

AKT. XIV. .Sec. 1. Whftt Is provided by this Article? 

.Sec. 2. What provlBlon l8 here made lu regard to ibo apporUoument of Bcprcscn 
tatlvcB ? 



COI^STITVTIUN OF THE UNITED UTATES 227 

Section 2. Eepresentatives shall be appointed among the several 
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole 
number ot persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed; but 
when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for 
Pri-sident and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives 
in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the 
members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male in- 
habitants of such State (being twenty-one years of age and citizens 
of the United States,) or in anyway abridged, except for participation 
in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein .shall 
be reduced in the proportion wliich ihe number of such male citizens 
shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of 
age in said State. 

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con- 
gress, or Elector, or President, or Vice-President, or hold any oflice 
civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, 
having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or iis an 
ofBcer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, 
or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Con- 
stitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or 
rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies 
thereof ; but Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, re- 
move such disability. 

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, 
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions 
and bounties, for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, 
shall not be questioned: but neither the United States nor any State 
shall assume orpay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrec- 
tion or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss 
or emancipation of any slave. But all such debts, obligations, and 
claims, shall be held illegal and void. 

Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appro- 
priate legislation, the provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE XV. 

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall 
not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on 
account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
appropriate legislation. 



Sec. 3 State the disqunlifications for office by this section. 

Sec. 4. Whftt i.s here said lu regard to the pub'lic delit ? 

iSec. 5. Wliat power is here given Congress ? When was this amendment declared 
adopted? Ans. In 1868. 

Akt. XV. .s'ec. 1. "What provision Is contained In this article? 

Sec. 2. What power is here given Congress? When was tliis article declared 
adopted? Ana. In 1870. 



223 VnRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



A. D. 

H92. October 12, Columbns discovers America. 

1407. June 2), Cabot diseovers mainland of America (Newfoundland). 

1-198. Columbus (lisoovLM-s South America. 

1507. The New World named .Vmcrica alter Amerigo Vespucci. 

1512. Ponce de I,con discovers Florida. 

1513. Ballioa discovere the Pacific Ocean. 
1517. Fernandez discovers Mexico. 

1519. Cortez invades Mexico. 

l.Sll. The Mississippi river is discovered by De Soto. 

1.562. Port Royal settlotl by tlie Huguenots. 

15C.5. St. AuRuslinc, Florida, founded l>y tlie Spaniards. 

15S1. Sir Walter Ualeit;li attempts a setlli'ment at Roanoke Island. 

ICOC. London and Plymouth Colonization Companies formed. 

1607. London Company makes first permanent English settlement at 

Jamestown, Va. 

1608. Cliosapeako Pay explored by Captain John Smith. 

1609. Hudson River discovered. 

1613. Pocahontas marries John Polfe. 

16U. Fort on Manhattan Island built by the Dutch. 

1019. House of Rurgesses llrst assembles, at Jamestown, Va. 

1620. Pilgrims laud at Plymouth, Mass. 

1021, Cotton lirst cultivated In Virginia. 

1024. The London Company dissolved by James I. 

.1028. Massachusetts Hay Colony founded. 

lO'lO. Boston founded. 

1033. Connecticut settled. 

1034. Maryland colonl/cd by Leonard Calvert. 
1036. Rhode Island settled. 

1038. Swedes and Finns colonize Delaware. 

10.53. North Carolina (list eolonized, by Virginians. 

1604. Now Amsterdam is taken, and its name changed to Now York. 

The Ennlish obtain all the Dutch possessions In America. 

1670. South Carolina colonized. 

1076. Bacon's Rebellion. Jamestown burned. 

lOSO. Charleston, S. C. founded. 

1683. Pennsylvania settled. 

1083. Philadelphia founded. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 229 

A. D. 

1G92. Witchcralt in Massachusetts. 
1698. Rice first raised, in South Carolina. 
1702. Mobile founded by tlie French. 
1718. New Orleans founded by the French, 
I72f) ■[ ■'^^^^^ ^'^'^ South Carolina separated. 
I Baltimoi-e founded. 

1732. George Washington born, Virginia. 

1733. Settlement made at Savannah, Ga., by Oglethorpe. 

1754. Fort Duquesne erected by the French. 

1755. Braddock's defeat. 

1756. War declared between England and France. 

1757. Fort William Henry captured by Montcalm. 

1758. Louisburg and Fort Duquesn^ captured by the English. 

1759. Quebec captured by the English under Wolfe. 
1763. Peace of Paris. End of French War. 

1765. Pai-liament passes Stamp Act. Repeals it, 1766. 

1767. Parliament lays duties on tea, &c. 

1768. British troops arrive at Boston. 

1773. Tea thrown overboard at Boston. 

1774. Septembers. Meeting of Continental Congress at Philadelphia. 

f April 19, Battle of Lexington and Commencement of the Revo- 
lutionary War. 
J May 21, Independence declared in North Carolina. 

1 June 15, Washington elected Commander-in-Cliief, 

I June 17, Battle of Bunker Hill. 

[ Dec. 31, Montgomery defeated, and killed in the attack on Quebec. 

r March 17, British evacuate Boston. 

I June 28, Battle of Fort Moultrie, S. C. 

! July 4, Declaration of Independence. 

1 Aug. 27, Battle of Flatbush, on Loug Island. 
Sept 15, British capture New York city, 

[ Dec. 26, Battle of Trenton. 

Jan. 3, Battle of Princeton. 

Aug. 6, Battle of Oriskany. 

Aug. 16, Battle of Bennington. 

Sept. 11, Battle of Brandywine. 

Sept. 19, First Battle of Stillwater. 

Sept. 26, Britisli occupy Philadelphia. 

Oct. 4, Battle of Germantown. 

Oct. 7, Second Battle of Stillwater. 

Oct. 17, Surrender of Burgoyne. 

Winter quarters at Valley Forge. 

Feb. 6, Treaty between the United States and France, 

June 18, Evacuation of Philadelphia by the British- 
June 28, Battle of Monmouth. 
( Massacre of Wyoming. 
(.Dec. 29, British capture Savannah, 



1777 



1778 



1783 



230 ClUioyoLOGlCAL RECORD. 

A. D. 

["July 15, Gen. Wnyne storms Stony Point. 
1770 ■{ Soi)t. 1.3, Paul Joiu-s takes the tSerapis. 

[ Oct(jber, Anil licans ami Kivnch lopulsed at Savannah. 
f May 12, IJiitish take Cliarkston, «. C. 

l"8oi "^""- "*• l^'^f*-" of Camden, H. C. 

I .Sept. 23, Auilre captured. Arnold's treason. 
(.Oct. 7, Battle of King's Mountain, N. U. 
f Jan. 17, Haltlc of the Cowpens. 
.Ian. and Feb., Retreat through the CaroUnas. 
March 13, IJatlle of Guilford C. H. 
. April 2.5, Hattle of Ilobkirk's Hill. 
1"^^ Si-pt. 8. IJattle of Kutaw .Springs. 

()ctol)er, Cornwallis beslof^ed at Yorktown. 

October lit, Cornwallis surrenders. 

Sept. 3, Treaty of Peace made between tlie United State? and 

Great Britain. 
Nov. 3, American army disl)anded. 
Nov. 2.5, Hrltisli evacuate the IT. S. 
.Dec. '£i, Washington resigns liis commission, 
1787. Convention frames Constitution of the U. 8. 
,„ ,„ f U. S. Government organized. 

I- Washington elected President. 
1791. Vermont admitted into the Union. 
1792 Kentucky admitted. 

f Treaty between United States and Great Britain. 
179H Whislcey rebellion in Pennsylvania. 

[ Indians defeated by Gen. Wayne. 
. . „ f Washington's farewell address. 

(•Tennessee admitted into the Union. 
1797. Jolin Adams, of Massachusetts, second President. 
1799. Death of Washington. 

.„jl^ /Treaty made between France and the United States. 
I. Washington made the Capital. 
/Tliomas Jellerson, of Virginia, third President. 
I War witli Tripoli. 
1S02. Ohio admitted into the Union. 
1803. Louisiana purcluised by U. S. from France. 
1807. Burr tried for treason. 

1809. James Madison, of Virginia, fourth President. 
1811. Battle of Tlpi)ecanoo. 

I June 18, War declared with Great Britain. 
Hull's surrender. 
August 19, Qitrifi^re captured l)y the Oonsliitition. 
October 2.5, .Afarrdonidn captured by the United iilates, 
I Americans talce Yorl;, in Canada. 
Septemljcr 1.5, Perry's victory on Lake Erie. 
October 5, Death of Tccumseh. 
Jackson's campaign against the Creeks, In Alabama. 



1801 



CHR0N0L061CAL BECOBD. 231 



A. D. 

' July 5, Battle of Chippewa. 
July 25, Battle of Bridgewater. 
August 24, Battle of Bladeusburg. 

" " British capture Washington. 
September 11, Battle of Plattsburg. 
September 13, Bombardment of Fort McHenry. 
December 15, Meeting of the Hartford Convention. 
January 8, Battle of New Orleans. 

February 18, Proclamation of peace with Great Britain, 
1816. Indiana admitted into the Union. 

[■James Monroe, of Virginia, Ulth President. 
1817 J Seminole war, 

i Mississippi admitted. 
1818. Illinois admitted. 
Alabama admitted. 



1814 



1815 



.m{Z 



I Cession of Florida by Spain to the United States. 
1820. Maine admitted. 
.„. I Missouri admitted. 

( Missouri Compromise passed. 
1824. La Fayette visits United States. 

182.5. John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, sixth President. 
1826. July 4, Death of John Adams and Jefiei-son, 
1829. Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, seventh President, 
Nullification in South Carolina. 
S. Bank vetoed by Jackson. 
1835. Texan Revolution commences. 

(■Admission of Arkansas. 

i Battle of San Jacinto. 

f Martin Van Buren, of New York, eighth President. 
1837-1 Admission of Michigan. 

(.Independence of Texas recognized. 

f W. H. Harrison, of Ohio, ninth I'resident— died April 4th. 

I Succeeded by John Tj'ler, of Virginia. 

1842. Boundary of Maine settled with Great Britain. 

, ( James K. Polk, of Tennessee, eleventh Piesident. 
lS4o 



.Admission of Florida and Texas. 

C Commencement of the Mexican war. 

I May 8, Battle of Palo Alto. 

May 9, Battle of Resaca de la Palma. 
1846^ Sept. 24, Capture of Monterey by General Taylor. 

California conquered by the United States. 

Admission of Iowa. 

Northwest boundary of the U. S. settled with Great Britain. 
f Feb. 23, Battle of Buena Vista. 
\ March 27, Capture of Vera Cruz. 

April 18, Battle of Cerro Gordo. 
L Aug. 20, Battles of Contreras and Churubusco. 



1847 



232 VIIROSOLOGICAL RECORD. 



Sept. 8, Battle of Molino del Rey. 
1847 -i " 13, Battle of Chapultppec. 

U, City of Mexico eapluretl. 

[July 4, 1'roclaination of I'eace With Mexico. 
ISls] Gold (lisc'overfd ia Califoruia. 

I, All mission of Wisconsin. 
1849. Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, twelfth President. 

f July 10, Fillmore become President. 

I Admission of California. 
„.„ (Franklin Pierce, of N. H, fourteenth President. 

I World's Fair at New York. 

[■Kansas and Nebraska Bill passed. 
18»t-j Missouri Compromise repealed. 

(^Treaty with Japan. 
18.55. Kansius War. 

1857. James Buchanan, of Penn., fifteenth President. 

1858. All mission of Minnesota, 
f John Brown Raid. 

< Admission of Oregon, 
1860. South Carolina passes Ordinance of Secession. 

Jan. 9, Mississippi secedes; 11, Alabama and Florida secede; 
19, Georgia secedes: 26, Louisiana secedes; 30, admission of 
Kansius. 

Feb. 1, Texas secedes; 4, Peace Coiifereuce meets at Washington ; 
Confederacy formed nt Montgomery, Ala. ; 8. Jefferson Davis, 
of Missicsippl, elected Provisional President of the Confeder- 
ate States. 

March 4, Abral-am Lincoln, of Illinois, sixteenth President. 

April i;}. Fort Sumter captured; 15, Proclamation of Lincoln, 
calling for 75,0(J0 men (or coercion; 17, Virginia secedes; IS, 
Confederates capture Harper's Ferry; 1!», Troops atUiclced In 
Baltimore; :;o, Confederates seize Norfolk Navy Yard. 

May C. Arlcansas secedes; 20, North Carolina secedes; 21, Federals 
Invade Virginia, from Washington. 

June 8, Tennessee secedes. 

July 5, Battle near Carthage, Mo.; 20, Confederate Ck>ngress meets 
at Uichmond; 21. Battle of Manassas, Va. 

August 2it, Forts at Ilalteras Inlet, N. C, captured. 

Sept. 20, t^onfederali's capture Lexington, Mo. 

Oct. 21, Battle of Leesburg, Va. 

Nov. 7, Battle ot Belmont, Mo.; Federals capture Port Royal, 
S. C. ; 8, Mason and Slidell seized. 

Feb. C, Federals capture Fort Henry, Tennes.see; 8, Capture 

Uoanolie Island. N,C.; Iti, Capture Fort Donelson, Tenn.; 22, 

Joflerson Davis inaugurated President of the Confederate 

States. 

[March 8, Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark,; Confederate ram Virginia 



18C1 



1862 



1862- 



CHRONOLOGICAL BECOED. 233 



sinks the Cumberlnndand Congress; 9, flght between the Virginia 
and Monitor ; 23, Battle of Kernstown, Va. 

April C and 7, Battle of Shiloh, Miss.; 25, Federals capture Beau- 
fort, S. C. ; Capture of New Orleans. 

May 5, Battle of Williamsburg, Va.; 30, Confederates retreat 
from Corinth, Miss.; 31, Battle of Seven Pines. 

June 3. Lee takes command at Richmond; 25, Battle of Oak 
Grove, Va. ; 26, Battle of Mechanicsville, Va. ; 27, Battle of 
Gaines' Mill; 29, Battle of Savage Station, Va.; 30, Battle of 
White Oak Swamp, Va. 

July 1, Battle of Malvern Hill, Va. 

August 13, Battle of Slaughter Mountain, Va. ; 30, Second Battle 
of Manassas, Va. ; Battle of Richmond, Ky. v 

Sept. 6, Lee's army invades Maryland; 15, Stonewall Jackson 
captures Harper's Ferry, Va,; 17, Battle of Sharpsburg, 
Md. 

Dec. 13, Battle of Fredericksburg, Va.; 31 to Jan. 3, Battle of 

Murfreesboro', Teun. 
■Jan 1, Emancipation Proclamation. 

April 7, Federals defeated in attack on Fort Sumter, S. C. 

May 2 and 3, Battle of Chancellorsville, Va. ; 10, Death of Stone- 
wall Jackson ; 16, Battle of Champion's Hill, Miss. ; 17, Federals, 
besiege Vicksburg, Mi.ss. 

June 15, Lee invades Maryland and Pennsylvania; 20, Admission 
1863-1 of West Virginia. 

July 1-3, Battle of Gettysburg, Pa.; 4, Federals capture Vicks- 
burg, Miss.; 8, capture Port Hudson, La.; 13, Riot in New York 
city ; Gen. Morgan captured in Ohio, 

September 8, Federals repulsed at Sabine Pass, Texas; 19-20i 
Battle of Chickaniauga, Ga. ; 24, Battle of Missionary 
Ridge, Ga. 

■ Feb, 20, Federals defeated at Olustee, Florida. 

April 8, Battle of Mansfield, La.; 9, Battle of Pleasant Hill, La. ; 
12, Forrest captures Fort Pillow, Tenu.; 18. Confederates cap- 
ture Plymouth, N. C. 

May 5-7, Battle of the Wilderness, Va.; 12, Battle of Spottsylvania 
C.H., Va.; 13, 14, Battle of Resaca, Ga.; 15, Battle of New Market, 
Va.; 28, Battle near Dallas, Ga. 
j June 14-15, Grant crosses to the south side of the James; 15, 
Alabama sunk; 15-17, Battle of Lookout Mountain, Ga.; 27, 
Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. 

July 5, Early invades Maryland ; 9, Battle of Monocacy, Md.; 20, 
22, 28, Battles before Atlanta, Ga.; 30, Grant's mine exploded at 
Petersburg, Va. 

August 5, Federal victory in Mobile Bay. 

Sept. 2, Capture of Atlanta, Ga.; 19, Battle of Winchester, Va, ; 
22, Battle of Fisher's Hill, Va. 



1861J 



1864 



234 CIIIiOXOLOGIUAL RECORD. 

A. D. 

[Oct. 10, Battle of Corlar f'ropk, Va.; 31, Federals recapture Ply- 
mouth, N. ('.; Ailmission of Nevada. 

Nov. 30, Battleof Franklin, Tenn. 

Dec. 15, 16, Battle of Nashville, Tenn.; 21, Capture of Savannah^ 
Ga. 

Jan. 15, Capture of Fort Fisher, N. C. 

Feb. 17, Federals capture Columbia, S. C; 18, Capture Cbarleston, 
8. C; 22, Capture Wilmington, N. C. 

March 19, 20, Battle of Bentousville, N. C. 

April 1, Battle of Five Forks, Va.; 3, Federals occupy PetersburR 
and Richmond; 9, Lee's surrender; 13, Federals capture 
Mobile, Ala., and Raleigh, N. C; U, Lincoln assassinated 1-5 ; 
Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, becomes President; 20, John- 
ston's surrender. 

May 4, Taylor's surrender; 10, Capture of JefTer.son Davis; 2(), 
Kirby Smith's surrender; Close of the war; 29, Prodamatiou 
of Amnesty. 

Dec. 18, Slavery abolished by 13th Amendment to the Constitu- 
tion. 

( Representatives from Tennessee admitted into Congress. 
1866 1 Telegraphic cable laid across the Atlantic. 



WSo 



1867 I 



Admission of Nebraska. 
Russian America purcha.scd. 
f Impeachment, trial, and acquittal of President Johnson. 
1 Representatives admitted into Congress from Arkansas, Ala- 
1868 ■! bama, P'lorlda, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina and South 
Carolina. 
Fourteenth Ainondnient of the Constitution ratifled. 
1869. Ulysses S. Grunt, of 111., flfteeuth President. 



TABLE I. 



235 



TABLE I. 

PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED 
STATES. 



No. 


Presidents. 


From what 
State. 


Inaugurated. 


Vice-Presidents. 


1 


George 'Washington, 


Virginia, 


April 30, 17S9. 


John Adams. 


a 


John Adams, 


Massachusetts 


March 4, li97. 


Thomas Jetterson. 


8 


Thomas Jefferson, 


Virginia, 


March 4, 1801. 


S Aaron Burr, 
\ George Clinton. 


4 


James Madison, 


Virginia, 


March 4, 1809. 


S George Clinton, 
\ Elbridge Gerry. 
Daniel D.Tomi'kins 


5 


James Monroe, 


Virginia, 


March 4, 1817. 


6 


John Q. Adams, 


Massachusetts 


March 4, 1823. 


John C. Calhoun. 


7 


Andrew Jackson, 


Tennessee, 


March 4, 1829. 


( John C Calhoun, 
\ Martin Van Buren. 


8 


Martin Van Buren, 


New York. 


March 4, 1837. 


Pvichard M.Johnson. 


9 


■VV-lliam H. Harrison, 


Ohio, 


March 4, 1841. 


John Tyler. 


10 


John Tyler, 


Virginia, 


April 6, 1S41. 




11 


James K. Polk, 


Tennessee, 


March 4, 1845. 


George M. Dallas. 


12 


Zachary Taylor, 


Louisiana, 


March 5, 1849. 


Millard Fillmore. 


13 


Millard Fillmore, 


New York, 


July 10, 1850. 




14 


Franklin Pierce, 


N. Hampshire 


March 4, 1853, 


William E. King. 


15 


James Buchanan, 


Pennsylvania, 


March 4, 1857. 


J. c;. Breckenridge. 


16 


Ahraham Lincoln, 


Illinois, 


March 4 18S1. 


5 Hannibal Hamlin, 
^Andrew Johnson. 


17 


Andrew Johnson, 


Tennessee, 


April 15, 1865. 




18 


Ulysses S. Grant, 


IlUnola, 


March 4, 1869. 


Schuyler Colfax. 



236 



TABLE II. 






0> 

>■ 

\t 


CO rH C< *-( T-( f-i 


a 

o 
a, 




a 

li 

o 




o 

a 
<1 


giiigniiiSiiHiiiiiliiiiiliilli 




S 

o 

X! 

n 

o> 
a 




d 

H 

ta 

CO 


lIUi JiWlJifiiiniJiPit 




iiiiiii§iiiiiigg|iiiigiaiiiiiii 






o 

*u 

V 

s 

in 
«> 

H 


of >: . 09 05 

illlWiPlfiit 1 Ai.iWi. .11 


c 




'^«'»^'°'»^*='S;:sss!SS5SSS53§{Ssas£;s?iSs 



TABLE 11. 



237 



(MrHrHWtHT-l 



CO C-* tCiO l- CO 



CC C5 :^ TP Tf T-t 



i^ODtOi-'CO^t-'-Hi-iCOCCO 
O — i- T-i c: O C5 c: c;^ rH t- o 
lOciorf^'^'o iO to CO cTt-^ CO 
t- COi-lT-(G-twOO(N COi-1 



cocs wco^t- H '-' ^cOTHwco:5;^oeooi^ 

ODOOOOODOOCOWS COCOCOCCXCOGOCOOJ^t- 



IB 


m 




rt> 


a a a 


a 


si 


« 


c! 


'rt 


o 


o 


"m 








a as 

Ph o 



COCO 



1 O": 



M S 



S-S 03 



oS^^s's-: 



So'' 



,- w lij 
^^K 



»■.' N o Sx a >-:: 'f- 



i?55 



<r» M ■* ira := J- 



•HINCCT)'>0:0t-000SOr-l 



238 



TABLES 111 AM) IV. 



TABLE III. 

SHOWING PROGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Taxable land, ...... acres 

Valuation of same, ..... dolls. 

Exports, ....... dolls. 

Imports, ....... dolls. 

Tonnage, ....... 

Mauufacturcs, ...... dolls. 

Kcveiiiio, ....... dolls. 

Bank Cajiital, ...... dolls. 

Post OlVicfS, ...... No. 

Post Kuads*, ...... miles. 

Postal Keccipts, --.--. dolls. 




In 1870. 



TABLE lY. 



SHOWING VALUE OK FEDEKAL AND CONFEDERATE PAPEB MONEY 
DUKING THE GKEAT SECTIONAL WAR. 



Price of Gold in New York. Price of Gold in Richmond. 



Months. 


18G1 


1862 1863 
1 


1864 1865 


1861 


1862 


1 
1863 1864 1866 


January, 




1 03 1 60 


1 591 2 34 




1 20| 3 00 21 00 


60 00 


February, 




1 04 1 72 


1 til 2 16 




1 30 3 00 21 00 


50 00 


March, 




1 02 1 71 


1 70 2 00 




1 50 4 00 23 00 


f*i 00 


April, 

M^y. 




1 02 1 .^7 


1 89 1 63 




1 50 5 00 20 1 


100 00 




1 04 1 55 


1 94 


1 10 


1 50 5 50 lit 00 




June, 




1 Oi» 1 48 


2 51 i 


1 10 


1 50 6 50 18 00 




July, 




1 20 1 45 2 85 


1 10 


1 50 9 (Xt 21 00 




August, 




1 It; 1 2tl 2 (il 


1 10 


1 50 14 00 23 00 




September, 




1 2t 14(2 M 


1 10 


2 CO M 00 2,-) 00 




October, 




1 37 1 50 2 29 


1 Vi 


2 (HI M 00 ye. (X) 




■November, 




1 as 1 54' 2 fill 


1 l.l 


2 .M) l.") (HI :!0 00 




December, 




1 33 1 52 2 43 


1 20 


2 50.20 00 49 00 





PEONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 



Ad-i-ron'-dacks. 
Aix-la-Chapelle, 

(ax-lali-sha-pel'O 
Albany, (aul'-ba-ny.) 
Al'-be-marle. 
Am'-i-das. 
Amerigo Vespucia, 

(a-mer'-e-go ves-poo'-sha.) 
Armistead, (arm'-sted.) 
Ap-po-mat'-tox. 
Az'-tecs. 



Baltimore, (baul'-te-more.) 
Beaufort, (bu'-fort.) 
Beauregard, (bo'-re-gard.) 
Behring, (bee'-ring.) 
Bermuda, (ber-moo'-da.) 
Bexar, (ba-hahr'.) 
Bienville, (be-an'-veel.) 
Blen-ner-has'-set. 
Bon Homme Richard, 

(bo-nom' re-sbar'.j 
Borgne, (born.) 
Bovadilla, (bo-va-deel'-ya.) 



Calhoun, (cal-hoon'.) 
Campbell, (cam'-el.) 
Carthaginian, 

(car-tha-gin'-yan.) 
Castile, (cas-teel'.) 
Ca-taw'-ba. 

Caucasian, (caw-cas'-yan.) 
Chateaugay, (sha-to'-gaj\) 
Champlain, (sham-plane'.) 
Chaudi6re, (shaw'-de-are.) 
Chlppewas, (chip'-pe-wawz.) 



Ches'-a-peake. 
Chevalier Gourges, 

(shev'-a-leer goorg.j 
Chick-a-hom'-i-ny. 
Chihuahua, (che-whah'-whah.) 
ChapuUepec, 

(chah-pool-ta-pek'.) 
Chat-ta-noo'-ga. 
Chauncey, (chan'-cy.) 
Cliickamauga, 

( eh ick-a-m aw'-ga.) 
Chat-ta-hoo'-che. 
Churubusco, 

(clioo-roo-boos'-co.) 
Coahuila, (co-ah-whe'-lah.) 
Cochrane, (cok'-ran.) 
Col'-le-ton. 
Coligny, (co-le'-ny.) 
Cornwallis, (corn-wol'-lis.) 
Crozat, (cro-zah'.) 



D'Artaquette, (dar-ta-gef.) 
Dey, (day.) 

D'Estaing, (des-tang'.) 
D'Iberville, (de-bare-veel'.) 
Dieskau, (de-es-co'.) 
Duquesne, (du-kane'.) 
De Grasse. (dQ gras.) 

E 

En'-di-cott. 

Epervier, (a-pare-ve-a'.) 

Exchequer, (ex-chek'-er.) 



Fanchet, (fan'-sha.) 
Far'-ra-gut. 

Frontignac, (frou'-te-nac.) 
239 



240 



PBOyOUNCJNG VOCABULARY. 



Genoa, ( jen'-o-a.) 
Genet, ( Jcn-a'.) 
Ghent, (?ent.) 
Gloucester, (glos'-ter.) 
Gotle, (Kof.) 
Grlersou, (greer'-son.) 
Guerrifere, (gare-e-are'.) 

H 

Haytl, (hl'-te,) 
Havre de Grace, 

(hav'-er dft grabs.) 
Helster, (hise'-ler.) 
Hocheiiiga, (lio-she hih' ga.) 
Hu'-gue-uot. 



Iroqaois, (ir-o-k\voy'.) 

J 

Jamaica, ( ja-nifi'-kah.) 
Jalapa, (hah-lali'pah,) 
Jacques Cartier, ( j;ik car-te-a'.) 
Jochamilclio, (yo-kah-niil'-co.) 
Jumonville, (zoo-raou'-veel.) 

K 

Knip-hau'-sen. 
KO-ar-sarge. 
Kearney, (kar'-uy.) 
Kleft, (keeft.) 



La Colle, (lah col.) 
La Fayette, (lah la-et'.) 
La Salle, (lah sal.) 
Lelsler, (licC-lcr.) 
L'Insurgente, 

(lanK-.soor-zhont'.) 
Leopard, (lep'-ard.) 

M 

Mad'-oc. 

Madeira, (may-day'- rah.) 



Macomb, (ma-koom'.) 
Marquette, (niar-kef.) 
Manitou, (nian'-e-too.) 

Matlapony, (niat-ta-po-nl'.) 
Mai-'-l-ou. 

McDonough, (mac-don'-o.) 
Melaiuiez, (nia-len'-deth.) 
Melbourne, (mel'-buru.) 
Meigs, (megz.) 
Mi-an-to-uo'-mah. 
Min'-u-it.s. 
Michikiniqua, 

(mik-e-kln'-c-kwah.) 
Mobile, (mo-beer.) 
Montcalm, (mont-cahm'.) 
Moultrie, mole'-tre.) 
Monterey, (mou-tay-ray'.) 
Montreal, (nion-tre-aul'.) 
Molinodel Hey, 

(mo-le'-no del ray.) 
Jlo-noc'-a-cy. 
Mus-kiug'-um. 

N 

Natchez, (natch'-iz.) 
Nova Wcotia, (no'-va sko'-sha.) 
Nantes, (nantz.) 
Natchitoelies, (nak'-e-losh.) 
Norwich, (noi-'-ritch.) 

o 

Oglethorpe, (o'-gl-tliorp.) 
Ojeda, (o-hu'-dah.) 
Opecliancauough 

(op-e-can'-ca-no.) 
Oxenstlen, (oks'-en-stceu.) 

P 

Pa.s-sa-ma-quod'-dy. 
Perotc, (pft-ro'-ta.) 
rhiladeiphia, (fll-a-del'-fe-a.) 
Phoebe, (te'-be.) 
Pierre, (peer.) 
Plymouth, (plim-uth.) 
Po-cit-lion'-tas. 
Po-co-tal'-l-go. 
Ponce de Leon, 

(pon'-tha da Ift'-On.) 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 



241 



Pow-ha-tan'. 
Pot-ta-wot'-ta-mies. 
Preble, (preb'-bl.) 



Qne-bec'. 



R 



Raleigb, (raw'-le.) 
Rap-pa -h an'-n ock . 
Resaea, (ra-sah'-ka.) 
Rennselaer, (ren'-se-ler.) 
Rives, (reevz.) 
Ribault, (re-bo'.) 
Rochambeau, (ro-shong-bo'.} 



Say le, (sale.) 

Sa-van'-nah. 

Sacriflcio.s, (sak-re-fe'-the-os.) 

Schenectady, (ske-nec'-ta-de.) 

Schuyler, (ski'-ler.) 

Schuylkill, (skool'-kill.) 

Semines, (sims.) 

Sem'-i-noles. 

Sheaffe, (shefe.) 

Sioux, (soo.) 

Sigel, (se'-gel.) 

Slaughter, (slaw'-ter.) 

Sor'-el. 

Soth'el. 

Stuyvesant, (sti'-ve-.saut.) 



Stras^burg, (strawz'-burg.) 
Sus-que-han'-nah. 



Tal -1 us-ch at'-ch es. 
Tacubaya, (tak-oo-bah'-yah.) 
Taney, (taw'-ny. ) 
Tecumseh, (te-cum'-se.) 
Ti-con-de-ro'-ga, 
To-mo-che'-chi. 
Tripoli, (trip'-o-le.) 
Trevillian, (tre-vil'-yaii.) 

u 

Utah, (yoo'-tah.) 
Utrecht, (yoo'-tret.) 



Val-la-do-iid'. 

Valparaiso, (vahl-pah-ri'-so.) 

Va-len'-tia. 

Verrazzani, (va-rat-tshah'-ne.) 

Vincennes, (vin-.senz'.) 

w 

West'-niore-laud. 
Whaley, (whol'-le.) 



Yeardley, (yurd'-le.) 
Yeamans, (ya'-manz.) 
Yem'-a-sees. 



12 



